goliad massacre survivors

Capt. Gammel & Co., 1892; Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press, 1986), XV. Their charred remains were left in the open, unburied, and exposed to vultures and coyotes. Amon B. For information about how to add references, see, Matthew Ellenberger, "HORTON, ALBERT CLINTON," Handbook of Texas Online (, Harbert Davenport and Craig H. Roell, "GOLIAD MASSACRE," Handbook of Texas Online (, Craig H. Roell, "MILLER, WILLIAM PARSONS," Handbook of Texas Online (, Castaneda, H.W. They then headed for Lavaca Bay, where they would end up surrounded. The sound of a second volley, from a different direction than the first just then reached our ears, and was followed by a confused cry, as if those at whom it had been aimed, had not all immediately been killed. The Texas cause was dependent on the material aid and sympathy of the United States. The Goliad Massacre Location: Presidio La Baha, Goliad Date: March 27, 1836 Casualties: 342 killed On my visit to Presidio la Baha, in Goliad, I began connecting the dots linking Spanish. Less than a month later, as Houston prepared his men for the decisive Battle of San Jacinto that would earn Texas its independence, he concluded his impassioned speech with the rallying cry: Remember the Alamo! They had first given this account at a ranch where they had taken refuge after the escape. The Goliad massacre was an event of the Texas Revolution that occurred on March 27, . Among these was Herman Ehrenberg, who later wrote an account of the massacre. He described the slaughter: "Kneel down!" Remember Goliad!. King and his men had infuriated their enemies by burning local ranchos and shooting eight Mexicans seated around a campfire, and these enemies were clamoring for vengeance. Unbeknownst to the Texians, on February 18 Urrea led a large contingent of troops from Matamoros into Texas to neutralize the rebels gathered along the coast. Wounded survivors were clubbed and knifed to death. Massacre: The Goliad Witnesses. Doctor's grandmother, Thelma Evans Hawkins, was a survivor of the Rosewood massacre. With hostilities temporarily suspended, Frank W. Johnson and James Grant gathered volunteers for a planned invasion of the Mexican port town of Matamoros. What is the date for the 2019 Goliad Massacre Reenactment? [citation needed]. Those not killed were pursued and slaughtered by gunfire, bayonet, or lance. Jakie L. Pruett and Everett B. Cole, Goliad Massacre: A Tragedy of the Texas Revolution (Austin: Eakin Press, 1985). [12] Led to believe that they would be paroled and released into the United States, they were returned to the fort at Goliad, now their prison. Joseph H. Barnard, Dr. J. H. Barnard's Journal: A Composite of Known Versions, ed. Texan sources specify the number of prisoners as 407, exclusive of Miller's men. The massive number of Texian prisoner-of-war casualties throughout the Goliad Campaign led to Goliad being called a "Massacre" by Texas-American forces and fueled the frenzy of the Runaway Scrape. The conflict, a part of the Texas Revolution, was the first step in Mexican President Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna's attempt to retake the province of Texas after an insurgent army of Texian settlers and adventurers from the United States had driven out all Mexican troops the previous year. The two sides clashed and fought until dark with Urrea's soldiers suffering heavy casualties,[12] when Colonel Ward received word from Fannin to rendezvous at Victoria. "The Mexican Side of the Texas Revolution". He ordered the immediate execution of the perfidious foreigners and dispatched an aide to Goliad to ensure that Lieutenant Colonel Jose Nicolas de la Portilla, who had been left in charge at Goliad while Urrea continued his march through southern Texas, carried out his brutal directive. Ehrenberg: Goliad Survivor, Old West Explorer: A Biography by Natalie Ornish,, Herman Ehrenberg Print length 403 pages Language English Publisher Texas Heritage Pr Publication date January 1, 1997 Dimensions 6.5 x 1.25 x 9.5 inches ISBN-10 0962075515 ISBN-13 978-0962075513 See all details Books with Buzz Fannin, however, lacked the same urgency as the orders he received on March 14, 1836. Follow in their footsteps and peek into Texas' past. As he prepared to subdue the Texas colonists Santa Anna was chiefly concerned with the help they expected from the United States. The largest group, including what remained of Ward's Georgia Battalion and Capt. Among those killed were commanders Colonel James Fannin (of the Coleto battle) and Lieutenant Colonel William Ward (of the Refugio battle). Johnson and five others had also been captured but escaped and rejoined James Fannin's command at Goliad. That afternoon, Urrea's cavalry encircled the Texians. Harbert Davenport and Craig H. Roell, "GOLIAD MASSACRE,", Craig H. Roell, "MILLER, WILLIAM PARSONS,", http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fho62, http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/qeg02, http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fmi30, "Goliad State Park & Historic Site Goliad Area Historic Sites Texas Parks & Wildlife Department", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goliad_massacre&oldid=1132816542, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 10 January 2023, at 18:59. The Texians were marched back to Goliad and held as prisoners at Fort Defiance,[17] each believing that they were going to be set free in a matter of weeks. Before his execution he made three requests. On March 22, William Ward and the Georgia Battalion (80 men plus Ward) surrendered after escaping from the Battle of Refugio. he was the commander of the troops at the battle of Goliad. His literary contributions, including Early Times in Texas, were said to have inspired the famous short story writer (and one-time GLO employee) O. Henry. A detachment of American and Texan troops under Colonel James Fannin surrendered to a larger Mexican force under General Jos Urrea. Henry Stuart Foote, Texas and the Texans (2 vols., Philadelphia: Cowperthwait, 1841; rpt., Austin: Steck, 1935). In this critical predicament, Fannin and the majority of the men voted to surrender the Texian forces on March 20. [1][2] Unrest continued in the Mexican state Coahuila y Tejas. Fannin may have hoped, and even expected, that his men would be treated as prisoners of war and given clemency. Texas State Historical Association (TSHA) On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. Viola Fletcher was 7 years old when she witnessed one of worst acts of racial violence the US has ever seen. accessed January 19, 2023, When the Mexican and Texan commissioners seeking surrender terms failed to agree, Urrea shortened the conference by dealing directly with Fannin and proposing written terms, under which the Texans should give up their arms and become prisoners of war "at the disposal of the Supreme Mexican Government." [22], Fannin's retreat and the Battle of Coleto, Harbert Davenport and Craig H. Roell, "GOLIAD CAMPAIGN OF 1836," Handbook of Texas Online, Craig H. Roell, "REFUGIO, BATTLE OF," Handbook of Texas Online, Francisca (Francita, Panchita or Pancheta) Alavez, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goliad_Campaign&oldid=1075168209, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, est. Urrea, however, urged his commander to be lenient. This is featured in his collected poems titled Leaves of Grass. When dawn broke, however, so did the realization that the arrival of Mexican reinforcements during the night had made their situation hopeless. This order was received by Portilla on March 26, who decided it was his duty to comply, despite receiving a countermanding order from Urrea later that same day. On March 19, General Urrea had quickly advanced and surrounded 300 men in the Texian Army on the open prairie, near La Bahia (Goliad). At the Goliad Massacre, Santa Anna ordered the execution of Col. James Fannin and almost 350 of . It was, on the whole, that in shooting these prisoners, Mexico was acting within its rights. Victoria Advocate, January 3, 1932, 88th Anniversary Number, September 28, 1934. Urrea, meanwhile, sent cavalry to surround and isolate Goliad. Duval and the few other men who escaped the massacre were heavily pursued by Mexican troops for the following days. He received land certificates for his service, including a 640-acre Donation specifically for his service under Fannin at Goliad, and a 1,280-acre Bounty for the full term of his enlistment. Only twenty-eight escaped the firing squads, and twenty more were spared as physicians, orderlies, interpreters, or mechanics largely because of the entreaties of a "high bred beauty" whom the Texans called the "Angel of Goliad" (see ALAVEZ, FRANCITA), and the brave and kindly intervention of Col. Francisco Garay. The guard, which was to serve also as a firing squad, included the battalions of Tres Villas and Yucatn, dismounted cavalry, and pickets from the Cuautla, Tampico, and Durango regiments. [4], The Mexicans took the Texians back to Goliad, where they were held as prisoners at Fort Defiance (Presidio La Bahia). The massacre occurred only three weeks after the Battle of the Alamo and roughly four weeks before the decisive Battle of San Jacinto. [citation needed], The 75 soldiers of William Parsons Miller and the Nashville Battalion had been captured on the 20th and marched in on the 23rd. Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}283851N 972259W / 28.6476N 97.3830W / 28.6476; -97.3830. [14] The 75 soldiers of William Parsons Miller and the Nashville Battalion were captured on March 20 and marched to Goliad on March 23. On March 22 William Ward, who with Amon B. 20 killed, est. The Goliad Massacre of March 27,1836 By: Jackson Kolb The massacre of Goliad the Goliad massacre was the termination of the survivors of the Alamo and battle of Goliad. Refresh the page, check Medium 's. The Alamo! His men thundered a reply with an addendum: Remember the Alamo! Also spared were the 75 soldiers of the Miller and Nashville Battalion, who were given white arm bands. In some accounts of the Goliad Massacre, a Mexican woman, Francisca (Francita, Panchita or Pancheta) Alavez, sometimes referred to by other names (Alvarez or Alavesco), rescued about 20 Texian soldiers and became known as "The Angel of Goliad. His solution was tested after November 15, 1835, when Gen. Jos Antonio Mexa attacked Tampico with three companies enlisted at New Orleans. Time Period: Texas Revolution 1835-36. Fannin was the last to be executed, after seeing his men killed. Urrea wrote to Santa Anna to ask for clemency for the Texians. Fannin also believed that by occupying Goliad, he could prevent Mexican commander Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna from drawing supplies from the Gulf of Mexico, but Fannin was called to assist Colonel William Travis at the Alamo. Once the columns reached their selected location, the Mexican soldados formed into two ranks on one side of the captives. At sunrise on Palm Sunday, March 27, 1836, the unwounded Texans were formed into three groups under heavy guard commanded by Capt. [7] Santa Anna personally led the bulk of his troops inland to San Antonio de Bxar and ordered General Jos de Urrea to lead 550 troops along the Atascocita Road toward Goliad. Instead, the Mexican commanding officer shot Fannin in the face, burned his body with the others and kept the timepiece as a war prize. The San Antonio Grays, Mobile Grays,and others were marched along the Victoria road in the direction of the lower ford. Led to believe that they would be released into the United States, they returned to their former fort in Goliad, now their prison. Her father was a history teacher, so she grew up immersed in history books and spent her holidays tramping around battlefields, graveyards and museums. The Goliad Massacre, set in the town of Goliad on March 27, 1836, was an execution of Republic of Texas soldier-prisoners and their commander, James Fannin, by the Mexican Army. [28] Their charred remains were left in the open, unburied, and exposed to vultures and coyotes. [citation needed], Fortunately, due to the intervention of the "Angel of Goliad" (Francita Alavez) and the courageous effort of Colonel Francisco Garay, twenty more men were held and spared as doctors, interpreters, or workers. About 26 men were retained at Victoria as laborers, but 55 of the prisoners were marched into Goliad on March 25. [27] Spared men were given white arm bands and, while wearing them, could walk about freely. It features an art deco relief sculpture and the names of the men who were killed.[32]. Thirty-nine were killed inside the fort under the direction of Captain Carolino Huerta of the Tres Villas battalion, with Colonel Garay saving one, . Meanwhile, Mexican forces under General Jos de Urrea were quickly reaching Goliad, and they defeated three Texan forces at the Battle of San Patricio on February 27, the Battle of Agua Dulce on March 2, and the Battle of Refugio on March 12.[10]. King on a mission to Refugio on March 11, to remove several noncombatant families out of the path of Urrea's army. Surprised by an overwhelming Mexican force, most were chased off and escaped, but 18 were captured and marched back to Goliad. 350 injured or missing, This page was last edited on 4 March 2022, at 08:20. GeoCoords: Latitude: 28.612982000000 Longitude: -97.421924000000. General Thomas J. Rusk found the remains of the massacre victims in June 1836 and gave orders for a formal military funeral. The bullets whistled round me as I swam slowly and wearily to the other side, but none wounded me. Goliad Tourism Goliad Hotels Goliad Bed and Breakfast Goliad Vacation Packages Flights to Goliad Goliad Restaurants Things to Do in Goliad Goliad Travel Forum Goliad Photos Goliad Map Goliad Travel Guide All Goliad Hotels; Goliad Hotel Deals; Burr H. Duval's company, was marched toward the upper ford of the San Antonio River on the Bexar road. John C. Duval was one such man who made it to safety and was able to share his harrowing story of imprisonment and escape with future generations of Texans. [28] Nearly one month later, word reached La Bahia (Goliad) that Santa Anna had been defeated and had surrendered while trying to flee at the Battle of San Jacinto. He also had a similar order sent directly to the "Officer Commanding the Post of Goliad". Henderson K. Yoakum, History of Texas from Its First Settlement in 1685 to Its Annexation to the United States in 1846 (2 vols., New York: Redfield, 1855). thesis, University of Houston, 1941). The next month and a half was ultimately spent traveling on foot as he battled the harsh Texas frontier. Houston ordered Colonel James W. Fannin to evacuate his 400-man force from Goliad and retreat to Victoria, a town 30 miles to the east behind the natural defense of the Guadalupe River. An hour after Santa Annas execution orders arrived, Portilla received the contradictory message from Urrea to treat the prisoners with consideration, and especially their leader, Fannin. After an agonizing night weighing the two instructions, Portilla decided to uphold the wishes of the Mexican dictator. All Rights Reserved. Not until the morning of March 19 did Fannin finally begin his retreat from Goliad. After wandering on the coastal prairie for several days, the Georgia Battalion reached Victoria, only to find it in the possession of the Mexican army. [5] Urrea had sent 18 of the 24 prisoners to Matamoros, where they were sentenced to death, but later released. SAN ANTONIO John Willingham long has been fascinated with the horrific "Goliad Massacre," which came three weeks after the 1836 Battle of the Alamo and further riled the Texans in their . In eight days, home and liberty!". [1] The Mexican army quickly put down revolts in the Mexican interior, including a brutal suppression of militias in Oaxaca and Zacatecas. The slaughter of Colonel James W. Fannins troops in the Goliad Massacre, perpetrated three weeks after the fall of the Alamo, resulted in the single largest loss of life for the Texians during the Texas Revolution. They were among at least 350 men killed in the massacre at Goliad March 27, 1836, just three weeks after the fall of the Alamo.. The Goliad Massacre, set in the town of Goliad on March 27, 1836, was an execution of Republic of Texas soldier-prisoners and their commander, James Fannin, by the Mexican Army. Twenty-eight Texians managed to escape by feigning death and other means. On March 6, the Mexican force under Santa Anna stormed the Alamo and killed the garrison. Back at the presidio, the Mexicans executed the wounded against the chapel wall and even shot them in their makeshift beds. The Mexican soldiers at La Bahia returned to the funeral pyres and gathered up any visible remains of the Texians and re-burned any evidence of the bodies. Urrea wrote to Santa Anna to ask for clemency for the Texians. They were taken to the Presidio chapel in Goliad and were kept there for a week. This article does not contain any citations or references. Jack Shackelford, commander of the Red Rovers under James W. Fannin at Goliad, was a survivor and chronicler of the battle of Coleto and the Goliad Massacre. Lightboxes. A monument marks the burial site outside. News of the Goliad Massacre spread outrage, resentment, and fear among the population of the fledgling Republic of Texas and abroad. This may have been correct. From two groups shot on the river roads, those not instantly killed fled to the woods along the stream, and twenty-four managed to escape. This is why the battle is significant. Whilst these horrible scenes were occurring on the prairies, Col. Fannin and his wounded companions were shot and bayoneted at Goliad, only Dr. Shackleford and a few hospital aids having their lives spared, in order that they might attend the wounded Mexicans. This made the Texans angry and led to th Battle of San Jacinto. Goliad massacre Connected to: {{::readMoreArticle.title}} From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia {{bottomLinkPreText}} {{bottomLinkText}} This page is based on a Wikipedia article written by contributors (read/edit). Abel Morgan, An Account of the Battle of Goliad and Fanning's Massacre (Paducah, Kentucky?, 1847?). Goliad Massacre. Several days later, informants revealed Grant's location, and on the morning of March 2, 150 Mexican troops ambushed Grant's men at the Battle of Agua Dulce. Age 32, he was taken by Mexican soldiers to the courtyard in front of the chapel, blindfolded, and seated in a chair (due to his leg wound from the battle). Top 100 High Schools in the Nation, U.S. News & World Report; . Date: March 27, 1836. He recalled that on the morning of March 27, 1836, a Mexican officer told the men to get ready for a march. [1] Meanwhile, General Sam Houston had persuaded all but 70 to 100 men and their leaders, Frank W. Johnson and James Grant, to give up on the expedition and to defend locations in Texas, principally Goliad. [7], Also spared were the 75 soldiers of William Parsons Miller and the Nashville Battalion, who had surrendered while still unarmed. Her early obsessions included Vikings, the Tudors and the Statue of Liberty. Hermann Ehrenberg, Texas und Seine Revolution (Leipzig: Wigand, 1843; abridged trans. Determined to quash the rebellion, Santa Anna began assembling a large force to restore order; by the end of 1835 his army numbered 6,019 soldiers. Because of the intervention of Francita Alavez (known as the "Angel of Goliad"), 20 more men, including Shackelford,[20] were spared to act as doctors, interpreters, or workers. Goliad is a city in Goliad County, Texas, United States. The town is the county seat of Goliad County, one of the oldest counties of Texas and is located about 100 miles southeast of San Antonio, 80 miles northeast of Corpus Christi on U.S. 183-77A. Dudley Goodall Wooten, ed., A Comprehensive History of Texas (2 vols., Dallas: Scarff, 1898; rpt., Austin: Texas State Historical Association, 1986). Despite appeals for clemency by General Jos de Urrea, the massacre was carried out by Lt. Davenport presented the address, which was published as "The Men of Goliad" in the Southwestern Historical Quarterly (1939). A thick cloud of smoke was wreathing toward the San Antonio River. Bounty certificates were issued at the rate of 320 acres for every three months of service. Victor Marion Rose, History of Victoria (Laredo, 1883; rpt., Victoria, Texas: Book Mart, 1961). [8], Spared men were given white arm bands, and while wearing them could walk about freely. The injured Fannin was the last to be slaughtered. About a mile outside Goliad, Presidio La Bahia attracts both history buffs and ghost hunters, all drawn to the scene of the Goliad Massacre. As the ashes of the Alamo continued to smolder, Sam Houston feared another disaster could befall his Texas Army. But Portilla's volleys at Goliad, together with the fall of the Alamo, branded both Santa Anna and the Mexican people with a reputation for cruelty and aroused the fury of the people of Texas, the United States, and even Great Britain and France, thus considerably promoting the success of the Texas Revolution. Published by the Texas State Historical Association. Portilla wrote that the total number of his prisoners was 445, exclusive of William P. Miller's eighty men, who had been captured without arms at Copano and were thus to be spared. Wounded survivors were clubbed and knifed to death. Only then were they made aware that Colonel Fannin and his men had already surrendered following the Battle of Coleto. [4] By the end of the year, all Mexican troops had been expelled from Texas.[5]. The Goliad Massacre, the tragic termination of the Goliad Campaign of 1836, is of all the episodes of the Texas Revolution the most infamous. [16] Fannin was unaware General Santa Anna had decreed execution for all rebels. When one of their carts fell into the San Antonio River, the colonel told his men to halt and retrieve it. [14] The Texians had traveled only six miles (10km) from their fort when, on March 19, the Mexican army engaged the Texians on an open prairie. Col. James W. Fannin and his army of men had surrendered to the Mexican army and agreed to be. 147148 gives the number of men killed with Grant as 11. The entire Texian force was killed, except for 28 men who feigned death and escaped. He freed more than 20 others who he determined to be Mexicans or colonists, so he would not be hindered by taking prisoners along on his advance on Fannin's force. The blood of my lieutenant was on my clothes, and around me lay my friends convulsed in their last agony. Santa Anna responds: the Alamo and the Goliad Massacre. In the fall of 1835 the Texans had made the first Declaration of Independence. As soon as they were ordered to halt a half-mile from the fort, however, the Texans realized their fates. Even then we could hardly believe that they meant to shoot us, for if we had we should assuredly have rushed forward in our desperation, and weaponless though we were, some of our murderers would have met their death at our hands. In Goliad. Urrea satisfied his conscience by shooting King and fourteen of his men, while "setting at liberty all who were colonists or Mexicans. Things to Do The battle and execution, popularly (and controversially) referred to as the "Goliad Massacre," have been recreated each March by costumed members of the Crossroads of Texas Living History. Many were killed or captured. We are a community-supported, non-profit organization and we humbly ask for your support because the careful and accurate recording of our history has never been more important. Urrea wrote in his diary that he "wished to elude these orders as far as possible without compromising my personal responsibility." [29] FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. In 1892, Duval published his journal, Early Times in Texas, or, the Adventures of Jack Dobell, which detailed his imprisonment, escape, and eventual return to safety during the final month of the Texas Revolution. After the executions the bodies were burned, the remains left exposed to weather, vultures, and coyotes, until June 3, 1836, when Gen. Thomas J. Rusk, who had established his headquarters at Victoria after San Jacinto and was passing through Goliad in pursuit of Gen. Vicente Filisola's retreating army, gathered the remains and buried them with military honors. [citation needed], On March 22, William Ward and the Georgia Battalion (80 men plus Ward) surrendered after escaping from the Battle of Refugio. If you wish to use copyrighted material from this site for purposes of your own that go beyond fair use, you must obtain permission from the copyright owner. [20] The soldiers took his belongings, shot him in the face, and burned his body along with those of the other Texians killed that day. [10] Jay A. Stout, Massacre at Goliad, Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2008, p. 212. Urrea, meanwhile, heard of their presence and marched a flying column of 300 Mexican troops to Refugio, hoping to overtake the Texians. Slaughter at Goliad : the Mexican massacre of 400 Texas volunteers / by: Stout, Jay A., 1959- Published: (2008) Goliad : the other Alamo / by: Bradle, William R. Published: (2007) Captain Phillip Dimmitt's commandancy of Goliad, 1835-1836 : an episode of the Mexican Federalist war in Texas, usually referred to as the Texian Revolution / by: Huson, Hobart, 1893-1983 Published: (1974) Unsere Bestenliste Jan/2023 Ultimativer Produktratgeber Die besten Produkte Bester Preis Testsieger Jetzt direkt lesen. Angeli Wright awright@vicad.com A Bible opened up to Psalm 22 is nailed to the tree. The massive number of Texian prisoner-of-war casualties throughout the Goliad Campaign led to Goliad being called a "Massacre" by Texas-American forces and fueled the frenzy of the Runaway Scrape . Matthew Ellenberger, "HORTON, ALBERT CLINTON,". Though not as salient as the battle of the Alamo, the massacre immeasurably garnered support for the cause against Mexico both within Texas and in the United States, thus contributing greatly to the Texan victory at the battle of San Jacinto and sustaining the independence of the Republic of Texas. War was begun with the incident at Gonzales. captured in other encounters) were shot on March 27, Palm Sunday. Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply. [26] Also spared were the 75 soldiers of Miller and the Nashville Battalion. Two physicians, Joseph H. Barnard and John Shackelford, were taken to San Antonio to treat Mexican wounded from the battle of the Alamo; they later escaped. Whether indecisive, stubborn or loyal to the rebels away on missions whom he did not want to abandon, Fannin remained in Goliad until the morning of March 19. King had been defeated in the battle of Refugio, surrendered near Dimitt's Landing on the terms accorded Fannin, and he and about eighty of his men of the Georgia Battalion were added to the Goliad prisoners on March 25. Texas lost many volunteers during its hard-won fight for independence from Mexico, but one harrowing episode stands out. Balderas, Capt. Brad Johnson March 27, 2020 Morales has long put her heart into the community that raised her. The exact fate of others captured at Refugio is not known. As Palm Sunday dawned on March 27, the prisoners were divided into quarters. Santa Anna's main army took no prisoners; execution of the murderous decree of December 30, 1835, fell to Gen. Jos de Urrea, commander of Santa Anna's right wing. John C. Duval was college-educated, and descended from a distinguished family his father served as the first U.S. territorial governor of Florida, and his family had ties going back to George Washington and Thomas Jefferson. Urrea, in compliance with his promise, wrote to Santa Anna from Guadalupe Victoria, informing him that Fannin and his men were prisoners of war "at the disposal of the Supreme Mexican Government" and recommending clemency; but he reported nothing in his letter of the terms that Fannin and his men had drafted for their surrender. The massacre is commemorated in Walt Whitman's poem Song of Myself, section 34. However, the Mexicans would receive overwhelming reinforcements and heavy artillery. [2], On February 27, 1836, Urrea's advance patrol surprised Frank W. Johnson and about 34 men, initiating the Battle of San Patricio, where they killed about 10 and took 18 prisoners. According to a Goliad Chamber of Commerce publication, "Goliad's history began at the Presidio La Bahia. Determined to punish the rebellious Texans, whom he viewed as pirates who deserved to be executed, Santa Anna mounted a campaign to demonstrate his power by exacting the same kind of retribution upon them that he had visited upon Zacatecas.In command of an army that would eventually grow to perhaps more than 7,000 troops, he began a march .

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