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"UVF Rule Out Jackal Link To Murder". [87][88] A dissident Republican was arrested for "the attempted murder of police officers in east Belfast" after shots were fired upon the police. Less extreme measures will be taken against anyone sheltering or helping them, but if they persist in giving them aid, then more extreme methods will be adopted. Just another site jackie mahood uvf members list Aaron Edwards, who grew up in the Protestant working class community in North Belfast, blends rigorous research with unprecedented access to leading members of the UVF. [83], The UVF was blamed for the shotgun killing of expelled RHC member Bobby Moffett on the Shankill Road on the afternoon of 28 May 2010, in front of passers-by including children. James Smyth, 55, is alleged by the prosecution to have been involved in the . He spoke out against sectarianism and criminality, but also feels UVF membership had made him a "wiser" man. From that time until the early 1990s, the Mid-Ulster Brigade was led by Robin "the Jackal" Jackson, who then passed the leadership to Billy Wright. [73], On 2 September 2006, BBC News reported the UVF may be intending to re-enter dialogue with the Independent International Commission on Decommissioning, with a view to decommissioning of their weapons. During 1970, 42 Catholic-owned licensed premises in Protestant areas were bombed. According to the Belfast Telegraph, "70 separate police intelligence reports implicating the north Belfast UVF man in dealing cannabis, Ecstasy, amphetamines and cocaine. [101], In April 2021, riots erupted across Loyalist communities in Northern Ireland.[relevant? "BBC News Man held over East Belfast police murder bid", "Surge in Belfast violence blamed on resurgent UVF", "The Beast from East Belfast could put an end to flags violence right now but he won't", "East Belfast UVF: Mission Accomplished? Along with the newly formed Ulster Defence Association (UDA), the UVF began carrying out gun attacks on random Catholic civilians and using car bombs to attack Catholic-owned pubs. [22] Spence later wrote "At the time, the attitude was that if you couldn't get an IRA man you should shoot a Taig, he's your last resort". The gang comprised, in addition to the UVF, rogue elements of the UDR, RUC, SPG, and the regular Army, all acting allegedly under the direction of British Military Intelligence and/or RUC Special Branch. It comprises high-ranking officers under a Chief of Staff or Brigadier-General. In 1984, the UVF attempted to kill the northern editor of the Sunday World, Jim Campbell after he had exposed the paramilitary activities of Mid-Ulster brigadier Robin Jackson. Our Classes Muscle Testing Workshop Contact Us Review us uvf members list uvf members list [26], On 26 June, the group shot dead a Catholic civilian and wounded two others as they left a pub on Malvern Street, Belfast. The Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) is an Ulster loyalist paramilitary group. [140], In contrast to the IRA, overseas support for loyalist paramilitaries including the UVF has been limited. It claimed the pubs were used for republican fundraising. According to the Belfast Telegraph, "70 separate police intelligence reports implicating the north Belfast UVF man in dealing cannabis, Ecstasy, amphetamines and cocaine. Thirty-three people were killed and almost 300 injured. [94] The high levels of orchestration by the leadership of the East Belfast UVF, and the alleged ignored orders from the main leaders of the UVF to stop the violence has led to fears that the East Belfast UVF has now become a separate loyalist paramilitary grouping which doesn't abide by the UVF ceasefire or the Northern Ireland Peace Process. Two members of the group survived the attack and later testified against those responsible. [46] Some of the new Brigade Staff members bore nicknames such as "Big Dog" and "Smudger". The information has been taken from the Sutton database of deaths, 1969-1998 Menu Introduction Alphabetical list of deaths Chronology of feuds [84] The Progressive Unionist Party's condemnation, and Dawn Purvis and other leaders' resignations as a response to the Moffett shooting, were also noted. Anderson, Malcolm & Bort, Eberhard (1999). Wright was apparently enraged by the nickname and made numerous threats to O'Hagan and Campbell. [131][132] This activity has been described as its preferred source of funds in the early 1970s,[133] and it continued into the 2000s, with the UVF in County Londonderry being active. However, the UVF spurned the government efforts and continued killing. Whilst remaining de jure UVF leader after he was jailed for murder, he no longer acted as the. Two UVF men were accidentally blown up in this attack. [66] The UVF also killed senior IRA paramilitary members Liam Ryan, John 'Skipper' Burns and Larry Marley. During 1970, 42 Catholic-owned licensed premises in Protestant areas were bombed. The UVF's Mid-Ulster Brigade was founded in 1972 in Lurgan by Billy Hanna, a sergeant in the UDR and a member of the Brigade Staff, who served as the brigade's commander, until he was shot dead in July 1975. House of Commons: Northern Ireland Affairs Committee, Cusack & McDonald, p.3435, 105, 199, 205, The Lost Lives, David McKittrick, Page 1475, Timeline of Ulster Volunteer Force actions, protests throughout Northern Ireland, some of which became violent, Provisional IRA campaign 1969-1997 Loyalists and the IRA killing and reprisals, Republic of Ireland national football team, Independent International Commission on Decommissioning, "Report drawn up on behalf of the Political Affairs Committee on the situation in Northern Ireland", https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TfGe4WO8yok, "Sutton Index of Deaths: Organisation responsible for the death", "Sutton Index of Deaths: Crosstabulations", "Inside the UVF: Money, murders and mayhem - the loyalist gang's secrets unveiled", "UVF mural on Shankill Road being investigated by police", "UVF 'behind racist attacks in south and east Belfast'", Chronology of Key Events in Irish History, 1800 to 1967, "Irish tighten security after Dublin bombing", "Call for probe of British link to 1974 bombs", "Collusion in the South Armagh / Mid Ulster Area in the mid-1970's". [93] The high levels of orchestration by the leadership of the East Belfast UVF, and the alleged ignored orders from the main leaders of the UVF to stop the violence has led to fears that the East Belfast UVF has now become a separate loyalist paramilitary grouping which doesn't abide by the UVF ceasefire or the Northern Ireland Peace Process. In 2023, we need less company-centered job ads. Known IRA men will be executed mercilessly and without hesitation. That year, a string of tit-for-tat pub bombings began in Belfast. [21] Some unionists feared Irish nationalism and launched an opposing response in Northern Ireland. [106] Later, in September 1972, Gusty Spence said in an interview that the organisation had a strength of 1,500. ", "Ulster Volunteer Force is no longer on ceasefire, police warn", "Gary Haggarty: Ex-senior loyalist pleads guilty to 200 terror charges", "Police seize drugs and arrest 11 during raids on east Belfast UVF", "Nine men charged after east Belfast UVF police raids", "Brexit: loyalist paramilitary groups renounce Good Friday agreement", "NI riots: What is behind the violence in Northern Ireland? A North Belfast man appeared at the city's Crown Court on Thursday accused of the UVF murders of two Catholic workmen. [67] According to Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN), the UVF killed 17 active and four former republican paramilitaries. An article published by the newspaper fingered Wright as a drug lord and sectarian murderer. On 18 June 1994, UVF members machine-gunned a pub in the Loughinisland massacre in County Down, on the basis that its customers were watching the Republic of Ireland national football team playing in the World Cup on television and were therefore assumed to be Catholics. [79], In 2008, a loyalist splinter group calling itself the "Real UVF" emerged briefly to make threats against Sinn Fin in Co. The UVF was also clashing with the UDA in the summer of 2000. [80], In the twentieth IMC report, the group was said to be continuing to put its weapons "beyond reach", (in the group's own words) to downsize, and reduce the criminality of the group. They shot John Scullion, a Catholic civilian, as he walked home. On 7 May, loyalists petrol bombed a Catholic-owned pub in the loyalist Shankill area of Belfast. David Ervine led the Progressive Unionist Party, the UVF's political wing While not officially a unit of the UVF, the Butchers were staunch Loyalists and most were UVF members. "The untouchable informers facing exposure at last". The feud with the UDA ended in December following seven deaths. [129] Another estimates that over a 30-year period women accounted for, at most, just 2% of UVF membership. . November 2nd sees the publication of My Life In Loyalism, the memoir of Billy Hutchinson (leader of the Progressive Unionist Party, Belfast City Councillor and former UVF member).Written with Dr. Gareth Mulvenna, it has been described in the press notes as being filled "with great candour and honesty, this is a gripping memoir of an extraordinary life which reveals previously unpublished . The group undertook an armed campaign of almost thirty years during The Troubles. [114] Like the IRA, the UVF also operated black taxi services,[115][116][117] a scheme believed to have generated 100,000 annually for the organisation. It issued a statement vowing to "remove republican elements from loyalist areas" and stop them "reaping financial benefit therefrom". Spence claimed that he was approached in 1965 by two men, one of whom was an Ulster Unionist Party MP, who told him that the UVF was to be re-established and that he was to have responsibility for the Shankill. Thousands of families, mostly Catholics, were forced to flee their homes and refugee camps were set up in the Republic of Ireland. [18][19] The UVF did not return to regular bombings until the early 1990s when it obtained a quantity of the mining explosive Powergel. The no-warning car bombings had been carried out by units from the Belfast and Mid-Ulster Brigades. Until recent years,[12] it was noted for secrecy and a policy of limited, selective membership. Formed in 1965,[7] it first emerged in 1966. Matthews, who is facing criminal charges in relation to an alleged UVF show of strength in the Pitt Park area of the city in 2021, was recently named in court as the leader of East Belfast UVF. for a proxy bomb attack targeting a "peace-building" event in Belfast where Irish Foreign Minister Simon Coveney was speaking. On 18 June 1994, UVF members machine-gunned a pub in Loughinisland, County Down on the basis that its customers were watching the Republic of Ireland national football team playing in the World Cup on television and were therefore assumed to be Catholics. [29] Unionist support for O'Neill waned, and on 28 April he resigned as Prime Minister. However, the year leading up to the loyalist ceasefire, which took place shortly after the Provisional IRA ceasefire, saw some of the worst sectarian killings carried out by loyalists during the Troubles. [125], The UVF has killed more people than any other loyalist paramilitary group. UVF: Behind the Mask is the gripping and shocking history of the Ulster Volunteer Force, from the formation of its post-1965 incarnation up to the present day. [159], There were also 66 UVF/RHC members and four former members killed in the conflict.[161]. These attacks were stepped up in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The UVF agreed to a ceasefire in October 1994. The UVF's Mid-Ulster Brigade was founded in 1972 in Lurgan by Billy Hanna, a captain in the UDR and a member of the Brigade Staff, who served as the brigade's commander until his shooting death in July 1975. [37], The IRA had split into the Provisional IRA and Official IRA in December 1969. [53] These men had overthrown the "hawkish" officers, who had called for a "big push", which meant an increase in violent attacks, earlier in the same month. Hanna and Jackson have both been implicated by journalist Joe Tiernan, and RUC Special Patrol Group (SPG) officer John Weir as having led one of the units that bombed Dublin. "[129], According to Alan McQuillan, the assistant director of the Assets Recovery Agency in 2005, "In the loyalist community, drug dealing is run by the paramilitaries and it is generally run for personal gain by a large number of people." [31], The UVF had launched its first attack in the Republic of Ireland on 5 August 1969, when it bombed the RT Television Centre in Dublin. [112] The vast majority of its victims were Irish Catholic civilians, who were often killed at random. ", "UVF orders removal of Catholic families from Carrickfergus housing estate in '21st century form of ethnic cleansing'. [40] These were all subordinate to the Brigade Staff. [127] A British Army report released in 2006 estimated a peak membership of 1,000. [120] However, from 1977 bombs largely disappeared from the UVF's arsenal owing to a lack of explosives and bomb-makers, plus a conscious decision to abandon their use in favour of more contained methods. This move comes as the organisation holds high level discussions about their future. [58][59][105] Graham has held the position since he assumed office in 1976. [58], The UVF's nickname is "Blacknecks", derived from their uniform of black polo neck jumper, black trousers, black leather jacket, black forage cap, along with the UVF badge and belt. So open up your map, grab a pencil and listen up.Vieux Fort Airport (UVF-Hewanorra Intl.) too many Its main benefactors have been in central Scotland,[121] Liverpool,[122] Preston[122] and the Toronto area of Canada. John Bingham (loyalist) . Ulster loyalist paramilitary group formed in 1965, For the original Ulster Volunteer Force, see, Aaron Edwards - UVF: Behind the Mask pp. [104] The Brigade Staff's former headquarters were situated in rooms above "The Eagle" chip shop located on the Shankill Road at its junction with Spier's Place. Some of them left much of Belfast without power and water. The origins of the UDA lay in west Belfast with the formation of vigilante groups such as the Shankill Defence. Referring to its activity in the early and mid-1970s, journalist Ed Moloney described no-warning pub bombings as the UVF's "forte". Colin Wallace, part of the intelligence apparatus of the British Army, asserted in an internal memo in 1975 that MI6 and RUC Special Branch formed a pseudo-gang within the UVF, designed to engage in violence and to subvert the tentative moves of some in the UVF towards the political process. By the mid-1980s, a Loyalist paramilitary-style organisation called Ulster Resistance was formed on 10 November 1986 by Ian Paisley, then leader of the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), Peter Robinson of the DUP, and Ivan Foster. Note that these figures include killings that were claimed by the "Protestant Action Force" and "Protestant Action Group". rob stafford daughter chicago fire. In October, UVF and UPV member Thomas McDowell was killed by the bomb he was planting at Ballyshannon power station. [21] The 'Paisleyites' set out to stymie the civil rights movement and oust Terence O'Neill, Prime Minister of Northern Ireland. This was a general strike in protest against the Sunningdale Agreement, which meant sharing political power with Irish nationalists and the Republic having more involvement in Northern Ireland. [29], On 12 October, a loyalist protest in the Shankill became violent. [64] Republicans had responded to the attacks by assassinating UVF leaders, including John Bingham, William "Frenchie" Marchant, Trevor King[65] and, allegedly, Leslie Dallas. [58][59] West died in 1980. The largest death toll was on 3 March 1991 when the UVF killed IRA members John Quinn, Dwayne O'Donnell and Malcolm Nugent, and civilian Thomas Armstrong in the car park next to Boyle's Bar, Cappagh. The Mid-Ulster Brigade was also responsible for the 1975 Miami Showband killings, in which three members of the popular Irish cabaret band were shot dead at a bogus military checkpoint by gunmen in British Army uniforms. On the basis of that, we as a federation have called for the respecification of the UVF [stating that its ceasefire is over]. The group concluded a general acceptance of the need to decommission, though there was no conclusive proof of moves towards this end. That year, a string of tit-for-tat pub bombings began in Belfast. Along with the UDA, it helped to enforce the strike by blocking roads, intimidating workers, and shutting any businesses that opened. The Geography of Service and Death (GoSD) has details of around 400 UVF members from West and East Belfast. [24] On 21 May, the group issued a statement: From this day, we declare war against the Irish Republican Army and its splinter groups. [22] The shootings led to Spence being arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment with a recommended minimum sentence of twenty years. [123] Supporters in Scotland have helped supply explosives and guns. The Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) the loyalist paramilitary group behind Friday's proxy bomb threat that saw Irish Foreign Minister Simon Coveney evacuated from a peace event in Belfast have. [18][19] Some members have also been found responsible for orchestrating a series of racist attacks. The gunmen shot dead six people and injured five. [57] In 1976, Tommy West was replaced with "Mr. F" who is alleged to be John "Bunter" Graham, who remains the incumbent Chief of Staff to date. In early 1971 they began a concerted campaign against the British Army and RUC. As an Independent Contractor, you have flexibility to choose when and where to provide services. The plan was that the bomb would explode en route, killing everyone on board . [91] Much of the UVF's orchestration was carried out by its senior members in East Belfast, where many attacks on the PSNI and on residents of the Short Strand enclave took place. [61], The UVF received large numbers of Sa vz. The UVF agreed to a ceasefire in October 1994. This was in retaliation for attacks on Loyalist homes the previous weekend and after a young girl was hit in the face with a brick by Republicans. [25], On 27 May, Spence sent four UVF members to kill IRA volunteer Leo Martin, who lived in Belfast. The UVF launched further attacks in the Republic of Ireland during December 1972 and January 1973, when it detonated three car bombs in Dublin and one in Belturbet, killing five civilians. This gang was led by Lenny Murphy. The UVF made strenuous efforts to enrol its members and in many places the RIC openly appealed to UVF members to join. Chiefs of Staff Gusty Spence (1966-1966). Six of the victims were abducted at random, then beaten and tortured before having their throats slashed. [71], On 14 September 2005, following serious loyalist rioting during which dozens of shots were fired at riot police and the British Army the Northern Ireland Secretary Peter Hain announced that the British government no longer recognised the UVF ceasefire. Whilst remaining de jure UVF leader after he was jailed for murder, he no longer acted as Chief of. The UVF very clearly have involvement in drug dealing, all forms of gangsterism, serious assaults, intimidation of the community. Job Details. [58][59][98] Graham has held the position since he assumed office in 1976. Veteran anti-UVF campaigner Raymond McCord, whose son, Raymond Jr., a Protestant, was beaten to death by UVF men in 1997, estimates the UVF has killed more than thirty people since its 1994 ceasefire, most of them Protestants. It would continue these tactics for the rest of its campaign. In October 1975, after staging a counter-coup, the Brigade Staff acquired a new leadership of moderates with Tommy West serving as the Chief of Staff. The shooting raised questions over the future of the PUP. [citation needed] The arms were divided between the UVF, the UDA (the largest loyalist group) and Ulster Resistance.[61]. Fifteen Catholic civilians were killed and seventeen wounded. [35], In January 1970, the UVF began bombing Catholic-owned businesses in Protestant areas of Belfast. Jim Hanna (1973 - April 1974) [102] Hanna . [37], In December 1969 the IRA had split into the Provisional IRA and Official IRA. They were blamed by the PSNI on members of the UVF, who also said UVF guns had been used to try to kill police officers. It began carrying out gun attacks to kill random Catholic civilians and using car bombs to attack Catholic-owned pubs. [8] Most of its victims were Irish Catholic civilians, who were often chosen at random. list of mortuary science schools in kenya. Its first leader was Gusty Spence, a former British Army soldier from Northern Ireland.The group undertook an armed campaign of almost thirty years during The Troubles.It declared a ceasefire in 1994 and officially ended its campaign in 2007, although some of its members have . On 23 October 1972, the UVF carried out an armed raid against King's Park camp, a UDR/Territorial Army depot in Lurgan. This was a general strike in protest against the Sunningdale Agreement, which meant sharing political power with Irish nationalists and the Republic having more involvement in Northern Ireland. 206, 207, Ed Moloney, Secret History of the IRA, p.321, "Voices From the Grave:Two Men's War in Ireland" Ed Moloney, Faber & Faber, 2010 pp 417. Scores of houses and businesses were burnt out, most of them owned by Catholics. [46] Some of the new Brigade Staff members bore nicknames such as "Big Dog" and "Smudger". The Volunteer Political Party (VPP) was a loyalist political party launched in Northern Ireland on 22 June 1974 by members of the then recently legalised Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF).The Chairman was Ken Gibson from East Belfast, an ex-internee and UVF chief of staff at the time. The Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) is a loyalist paramilitary group in Northern Ireland.The current incarnation was formed in May 1966 and named after the UVF of 1912.. Colin Wallace, part of the intelligence apparatus of the British Army, asserted in an internal memo in 1975 that MI6 and RUC Special Branch formed a pseudo-gang within the UVF, designed to engage in violence and to subvert moves of the UVF towards the political process. The men were tried, and in March 1977 were sentenced to an average of twenty-five years each.[51][52]. In Belfast, loyalists responded by attacking nationalist districts. All were widely blamed on the IRA, and British soldiers were sent to guard installations. In some areas, whole UVF units formed special platoons and where there weren't enough UVF men they were recruited from the Orange lodges. For the original Ulster Volunteer Force organisation of the 1910s, see, The UVF emblem, with the motto "For God and Ulster". [13][14][15][16][17] The other main loyalist paramilitary group during the conflict was the Ulster Defence Association (UDA), which had a much larger membership. CAIN also states that republicans killed 15 UVF members, some of whom are suspected to have been set up for assassination by their colleagues. [23] Spence claimed that he was approached in 1965 by two men, one of whom was an Ulster Unionist Party MP, who told him that the UVF was to be re-established and that he was to have responsibility for the Shankill. Unable to find their target, the men drove around the Falls district in search of a Catholic. Shoppers have been so blown away by a 5.50 meal from Marks and Spencer (M&S), they say they don't want to order an expensive Chinese takeaway again. [125] Members were disciplined after they carried out an unsanctioned theft of 8 million of paintings from an estate in Co Wicklow in April 1974. [55] The hawks had been ousted by those in the UVF who were unhappy with their political and military strategy. She died of her injuries on 27 June. They were blamed by the PSNI on members of the UVF, who also said UVF guns had been used to try to kill police officers. [50] The UVF was banned again on 3 October 1975 and two days later twenty-six suspected UVF members were arrested in a series of raids. [155] Loyalists in Portadown such as Bobby Jameson have stated that the LVF (the Mid-Ulster Brigade that broke away from the main UVF - and led by Billy Wright) was not a 'loyalist organisation but a drugs organisation causing misery in Portadown. [85][86] Fifty-year-old Stockman was stabbed more than 10 times in a supermarket in Belfast; the attack was believed to have been linked to the Moffett killing. [98], On 23 March 2019, eleven alleged UVF members were arrested during a total of 14 searches conducted in Belfast, Newtownards and Comber and the suspects, aged between 22 and 48, were taken into police custody for questioning. In February, it began to target critics of militant loyalism the homes of MPs Austin Currie, Sheelagh Murnaghan, Richard Ferguson and Anne Dickson were attacked with improvised bombs. "[151], According to Alan McQuillan, the assistant director of the Assets Recovery Agency in 2005, "In the loyalist community, drug dealing is run by the paramilitaries and it is generally run for personal gain by a large number of people." [93] Much of the UVF's orchestration was carried out by its senior members in East Belfast, where many attacks on the PSNI and on residents of the Short Strand enclave took place. This development came soon after the UVF's Brigade Staff in Belfast had stood down Wright and the Portadown unit of the Mid-Ulster Brigade, on 2 August 1996, for the killing of a Catholic taxi driver near Lurgan during Drumcree disturbances. [89], In July 2011 a UVF flag flying in Limavady was deemed legal by the PSNI after the police had received complaints about the flag from nationalist politicians. Mr Jameson's murder has been linked to a long-standing loyalist feud in mid-Ulster, involving members of the LVF and UVF. [46] This resulted in a sharp increase in sectarian killings and internecine feuding, both with the UDA and within the UVF itself. On 7 May 1966, loyalists petrol bombed a Catholic-owned pub in the loyalist Shankill area of Belfast. [128] Information regarding the role of women in the UVF is limited. [29], On 12 August 1969, the "Battle of the Bogside" began in Derry. [29] Unionist support for O'Neill waned, and on 28 April he resigned as Prime Minister. Hello, Liveops. Malcolm Sutton's Index of Deaths from the Conflict in Ireland, part of the Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN), states that the UVF and RHC was responsible for at least 485 killings during the Troubles, and lists a further 256 loyalist killings that have not yet been attributed to a particular group. [41] On 17 May, two UVF units from the Belfast and Mid-Ulster brigades detonated four car bombs in Dublin and Monaghan. [44], The brigade formed part of the Glenanne gang, a loose alliance of loyalist assassins which the Pat Finucane Centre has linked to 87 killings in the 1970s. [66] The UVF also killed republicans James Burns, Liam Ryan and Larry Marley. William "Plum" Smith (sometimes erroneously spelt. The group's volunteers undertook an armed campaign of almost thirty years during The Troubles. It would continue these tactics for the rest of its campaign. 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Was speaking that the organisation had a strength of 1,500 and Monaghan to have been involved in the Shankill. ] on 17 May, two UVF men were accidentally blown up in this attack has the... Loyalists responded by attacking nationalist districts intimidating workers, and British soldiers were sent to guard.... An armed campaign of almost thirty years during the Troubles choose when and where to provide services kill! Of UVF membership, Eberhard ( 1999 ) years, [ 7 it! To a ceasefire in October, UVF and UPV member Thomas McDowell was killed by the newspaper fingered wright a!, as he walked home when and where to provide services continued killing Some of the UDA ended December! Out an armed raid against King 's Park camp, a UDR/Territorial Army depot in Lurgan `` peace-building '' in. ] most of them left much of Belfast without power and water Jackal Link to murder uvf members list in. A peak membership of 1,000 moves towards this end ] on 17,! Pub in the UVF was also clashing with the UDA ended in December 1969 the IRA, overseas support loyalist! That these figures include killings that were claimed by the bomb would explode en,! Women in the loyalist Shankill area of Belfast without power and water spurned the government efforts and continued....

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