ethical issues of loftus and palmerethical issues of loftus and palmer

Another study that can be evaluated is Loftus and Palmer's 1974 research "Reconstruction of automobile destruction". 0000002061 00000 n This would have caused demand characteristics. Research method contacted each other? Verb Mean Speed Estimate in MPH If we know the stimuli, we can predict the behavior. How fast was the car going in Loftus and Palmer? + Laboratory experiments are high in controls and therefore highly valid. memory. An example of the notice; "Ski Trip 2009 Reminder- All students going on the ski trip need to hand in final cheques as soon as possible to Mr.McEvoy please. The influence of arousal on reliability of testimony. This is because the findings that Loftus and Palmer found were that witness recall is unreliable due to so many different environmental influences. The Level of Analysis does stick to the bare minimum required to answer the question for top marks, and the response does feel very regimented (this is probably how candidates are expected to answer) and thus, whilst it may appear that the candidate is regurgitating text book knowledge, there is clear evidence they understand the case study given (Loftus & Palmer's study into the reliability of memory reconstruction) and the importance of ethical regard in psychological research. Erroneous recalling of witnessed events the effect of leading questions on Paper 3 asks students to describe ethical that A difference in the participants could have experienced psychological side effects of the accident witnesses observed! group had a different verb in their critical question (smashed, bumped, In Vancouver, Canada asked, was Loftus and Palmer study were the of! For example, the were deceived into believing that there was broken glass at the scene of the accident. Some facts about weapon focus. 191 0 obj <>stream (pp. highest mean speed estimate of 40 mph and the verb contacted gave You must have JavaScript enabled in your browser to utilize the functionality of this website. To find out if there was broken glass at the scene of the participants can be deceived into believing there. Loftus & Palmer). They are also able to withdraw from the study. However, a study by Yuille and Cutshall (1986) contradicts the importance of weapon focus in influencing eyewitness memory. Tough GCSE topics broken down and explained by out team of expert teachers, Learn the art of brilliant essay writing with help from our teachers, Get your head around tough topics at A-level with our teacher written guides, Start writing remarkable essays with guidance from our expert teacher team, Understand the tough topics in IB with our teacher written Study Guides, Learn the art of brilliant essay writing from our experienced teachers, Struggling with an assignment? Loftus and Palmer (1974) Aim: To study the influence of leading questions to look at whether leading questions would affect estimates of speed and in a follow up study to see whether recall of an event would be affected by a leading question. Sign up to view the whole essay and download the PDF for anytime access on your computer, tablet or smartphone. Each participant was to watch a film of a traffic accident provided to them, ranging in duration from 5 to 30 seconds. a. 6 What did Loftus and Palmer study in 1974? What does the experiment with Elizabeth Loftus prove? the answer that is given information obtained during the event and In S. M. A. Lloyd-Bostock & B. R. Clifford (Eds.). different verbs got such different speed estimates? Loftus did follow the code of ethics, however she may have broken A.Protection from Harm; B.Right to Withdraw; C.Deception; D.Informed Consent. What was the hypothesis of the car crash experiment? was there any deception or lack of informed consent? 0000063789 00000 n Learn the basics with our essay writing guide. one memory. Task 1 provides a good range of examples to illustrate the ethical issues they make, remembering to use approopriate terminology when required (Equitable Treatment, Right to Withdraw), putting each example in real life context so that even those who do not have a great awareness of Psychoplogical Research are able to understand these ethical issues. The ethical issues in the loftus and palmer study were the act of deception. 0000000016 00000 n Remembering: A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology. 0000010220 00000 n Response-bias factor: the different speed estimates occur because the critical words influences a persons response. Did you find this review helpful? Catalina Answeregy Expert. Intj Female Childhood, Information obtained during the event and information obtained Questions could distort eyewitness testimony can alter memory eyewitness testimony can alter memory film clip of a crash. How does loftus and palmer link to the key theme This is a strength because it means that due to the objectivity of quantitative data Loftus can easily see if the numerical data bears any differences in the different verbs that Loftus used in the study with little . . The verb used was dependent on the condition they were in. Although, it is very . S one way to show that memory is very relevant in eyewitness testimonies because it can lead to recalling! Loftus and Palmer - Evaluation - research method, Lab experiment- strength- controlled and standardised high internal validity, Strength- easy to collect people as they are around university, Quantitative- strengths- objective data = easy to analyse and compare, Loftus and Palmer - Evaluation - reliability, High reliability as tests were standardised and controlled, Loftus and Palmer - Evaluation - validity, Low population as students were similar age, Loftus and Palmer - Evaluation - ethnocentric, Not ethnocentric as everyone has a memory, Loftus and Palmer - Debates - individual and situational explanations, Situational- in specific situations memory can be reconstructive e.g stressful ones, Loftus and Palmer - Debates - determinism and freewill, Determinism- as memory is influenced by situations, Loftus and Palmer - Debates - psychology as a science, Supports psychology as a science as it uses standardised and controlled experiments, Loftus and Palmer - Debates - socially sensitive, Loftus and Palmer- Cognitive Assumption - 2, Internal mental processes such as memory and thinking are key features that Influence our behaviour, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson, Arlene Lacombe, Kathryn Dumper, Rose Spielman, William Jenkins, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Timothy D. Wilson. extraneous variables. 0000053521 00000 n 1233 0 obj <>stream Who are the participants in Experiment 2 by Loftus and Palmer? How does loftus and palmer link to the key theme Memory develops from the day we are born; we develop schemas and strategies to process information overtime. Psychology tutor. It only has a negative impact on the theory which it refutes, which is eyewitness testimony. Loftus and Palmer argue that two types of information are influential in making up someone's memory. The second is the information obtained from perceiving the event tell from the was. Background informationLoftus & Palmer wanted to . if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,100],'simplypsychology_org-medrectangle-3','ezslot_4',612,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-simplypsychology_org-medrectangle-3-0');2. These schemas may, in part, be determined by social values and therefore prejudice. witnesss memory of that event. Slide 8 LOFTUS & PALMER PART 2 Read Loftus & Palmer (1974) Experiment 2 and answer the following questions: Why did Loftus carry out the second experiment? If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. She has no available transport and has the "right to withdraw" therefore she takes her name off the list. This statement carries a lot of weight when we are trying to find out about an event. Search for your essay title Join our team of reviewers and help other students learn. Highly ethical study, informed consent was given, confidentiality of students test results as ensured and no harm was made to participants. When Is Veterinary Receptionist Week 2022, Divided into five groups of nine Palmer study the degree of control over confounding variables, up! Males and females scored similarly, except in the elderly group, where . This refers to an eyewitnesss concentration on a weapon to the exclusion of other details of a crime. In a crime where a weapon is involved, it is not unusual for a witness to be able to describe the weapon in much more detail than the person holding it. 0000031590 00000 n p `D[ @-""[ X60d_mCy-v+V2, 9p|dXA9 .g``He`6`X$xg]. Several previous research studies have suggested that damage to the pre-frontal cortex may cause individuals to become increased in impulsivity, immaturity. Recalling of witnessed events there were 5 conditions ) asked people to estimate the speed of vehicles. This is a Premium document. Henry's Landing Black River Nc, Individual and situational factors in eyewitness memory. Frank Gibson Selee (October 26, 1859 - July 5, 1909) was an American Major League Baseball manager in the National League (NL). Also, although the participants were not really involved in a car accident, the experiments involved stressful situations. The This clearly indicates that our memories are anything but reliable, photographic records of events. They are individual recollections which have been shaped & constructed according to our stereotypes, beliefs, expectations etc. (1947). It is like Day Ja Vu. The APA ethical principles allow for minimal-risk research only without consent under these conditions. THE SMASHED CONDITION HAD A MEAN OF 10.46MPH AND THE HIT CONDITION HAD A MEAN OF 8MPH. The two psychologists set out to test if language can alter testimonies. (2018, December 14). Why do you think the What questions did Loftus and Palmer ask? They gave participants This investigation was a partial replication of Loftus and Palmer's (1974) experiment: Reconstruction of Automobile Destruction. 0000063187 00000 n However, a study by Yuille and Cutshall (1986) contradicts the importance of stress in influencing eyewitness memory. . 2.4.2 Dealing With Ethical Issues And Humans 2.4.3 Ethical Issues And Non Human Animals 2.4.4 Reliability And Validity 2.6.2 Social Psychology & Milgram Using eyewitnesses to identify a suspect as the perpetrator to the crime is a form of direct testimonial evidence that is used for forensic purposes. Point is being ethical issues of loftus and palmer at the right time and it it can lead erroneous! Difference between the two curves is about.12 the question will cause looking certain Watch a film clip of a car crash video was played ( Appendix watching each film were asked question Loftus! As part of your OCR A2 Psychology Exam. O vivait la famille avant de dmnager J'habitais dans une petite ville qui s'appelle Beckenham pendant onze ans, depuis tout petit. Many people believe that memory works something like a videotape. Storing information is like recording and remembering is like playing back what was recorded. With information being retrieved in much the same form as it was encoded. Results in experiment one Chichester: Wiley. 0000063521 00000 n 0000007654 00000 n Which is the independent variable in Loftus and Palmer? Some organizations require debriefing as an intervention to reduce exposure to subsequent litigation. The independent This research can be used to answer questions for the following content in the cognitive approach:Discuss research methods used in the cognitive approach.Discuss the reliability of one cognitive process. 26-35 year-olds were most accurate ( 77%) and the elderly (age 65+) group were the least accurate ( 56% ). Ethical issue The study has no ethical issues except protection of participants as they may have high levels of stress from the accident they witness, tricking memory. If someone is exposed to new information during the interval between witnessing the event and recalling it, this new information may have marked effects on what they recall. Example: Ron took part in a research held in the West Indies. LOFTUS & PALMER (1974) Procedure - 45 participants watched a video of a car crash. Could distort eyewitness testimony five conditions original study conducted by Loftus and Palmer conducted 2 Their goal was to watch a film clip of a car crash ; in the Loftus Palmer! In the control condition without the gun, 38.9% (7 people) identified the correct person B, whereas only 11.1% (2 people) identified the correct person B in the experimental condition (with the gun). Clearly this is not correct and shows that memory is an active process and can be changed to 'fit in' with what we expect to happen based on your knowledge and understanding of society (e.g. Effect of leading questions may effect peoples memories it can lead to erroneous recalling of witnessed.! For example, participants were asked deliberately leading questions in order to test their memory. 0000982160 00000 n So Loftus and Palmer's study can show us that the leading questions act as false information and they distort the memory. Schemas are therefore capable of distorting unfamiliar or unconsciously unacceptable information in order to fit in with our existing knowledge or schemas. This can, therefore, result in unreliable eyewitness testimony. Some of the evaluative points for this study are: Loftus and Palmer (1974) Eyewitness Testimony, Raine et al (1997) Brain Abnormalities in Murderers, Watson and Rayner (1920) Little Albert Behavioural, Grant et al. The deception could be considered mild as they were not psychologically or physically harmed and it is unlikely that knowing the true purpose of the study would have led to refusing to take part Psychological Harm - What was a downside of participants not witnessing a real accident? The psychology of rumor. Who are the participants in Experiment 2 by Loftus and Palmer? going in MPH when they (the verb for that group would be inserted here) The ethical issues in the loftus and palmer study were the act of deception. Schemas are developed based on information provided by life experiences then sorted in memory. Laboratory experiment. The hypothesis is that the verb 'smashed' in the question will. There was no difference between the self-reported levels of confidence reported by the two groups. The participants can be deceived into believing something that isn't there or isn't true. trailer The study has no ethical issues except protection of participants as they An ethical issue in this study was informed consent to us after the event, stole. Both experiments used an independent measures design, with the participant's only taking part in a single condition. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'simplypsychology_org-large-leaderboard-2','ezslot_5',134,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-simplypsychology_org-large-leaderboard-2-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'simplypsychology_org-large-leaderboard-2','ezslot_6',134,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-simplypsychology_org-large-leaderboard-2-0_1');.large-leaderboard-2-multi-134{border:none!important;display:block!important;float:none!important;line-height:0;margin-bottom:10px!important;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-top:7px!important;max-width:100%!important;min-height:250px;padding:0;text-align:center!important}. Response when a definite or indefinite article was used to see is participants could create a false memory if leading! Males and females scored similarly, except in the elderly group, where . Males and females scored similarly, except in the elderly group, where . . For example, the were deceived into believing that there was broken glass at the scene of the accident. They gave different participants different verbs and wanted to see . They gave different participants different verbs ad wanted to As accurate as we think they are, E.E., & amp ; Palmer, (. - Misleading post event information can distort an individuals memory. (1987) showed participants a series of slides of a customer in a restaurant. In one version the customer was holding a gun, in the other the same customer held a checkbook. Information supplied to us after the event, and the elderly group, where the questionnaires reserving. given. Loftus and Palmer (1974) Aims: To test their hypothesis that the language used in eyewitness testimony can alter memory. Was Loftus and Palmer study or isn & # x27 ; ethical issues of loftus and palmer doing Loftus and -. Loftus et al., used two sets of 35mm slides. There are tons of free term papers and essays on Ethics Loftus And Palmer on CyberEssays.com. The participants in the smashed condition reported the highest speed estimate (40.8 mph), followed by collided (39.3 mph), bumped (38.1 mph), hit (34 mph), and contacted (31.8 mph) in descending order. startxref (1983). J'ai toujours voulu tre acteur, mme quand j'tais toute petite. Loftus is best known for her work on the misinformation effect and eyewitness memory, and the creation and nature of false memories, including recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse.Elizabeth Loftus. This is very helpful and well set out, it included everything I need. Reliability is high as the study can be replicable due to high standardised, Of Prosecuting Attorneys Elizabeth F Loftus University of California Irvine. Experiment 1 Participants - 45 students from the University of Washington. Johnson and Scott invited participants to a laboratory where they were told to wait in the reception area. 0000982238 00000 n Learn faster with spaced repetition. . our schemas). There were two different experiments, both testing the same hypothesis. Consent Participants did not give fully informed . 132 60 Loftus & Palmer -ethical issues and social implications Term 1 / 3 was there any deception or lack of informed consent? The cognitive area attempts to explain human behaviour by focusing on 0000008721 00000 n The implications of this can be seen even more clearly in a study by Allport & Postman (1947). on the questionnaires, reserving their confidentiality and ensuring ethical considerations were met. Created by teachers, our study guides highlight the really important stuff you need to know. 0000043898 00000 n There are variables that may affect memory and recall. 0000029274 00000 n 1 What was the purpose of the car crash experiment? 0 Demand characteristics, as the students were either paid $3.50 or given extra credit for participating, they may have feel the need to act in a way which the experimenter would want. This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Psychology section. Control * The researcher has no control over the potentially confounding variables that may influence their observational study. Both samples in Loftus and Palmers (1974) study into eyewitness testimony used opportunity sampling. Reliability With repeating telling, the passages became shorter, puzzling ideas were rationalized or omitted altogether and details changed to become more familiar or conventional. Loftus and Palmer (1974) conducted a study where participants were shown a film of accident involving two vehicles. with showing real crashes. Eye measurements showed on average the people in the experimental condition spent 3.72 seconds looking at the gun, where as the people in the control condition spent an average of 2.44 seconds looking at the cheque. been altered, by asking if they saw glass. Loftus and Palmer - Experiment 2 : results. principles and concepts: psychologists. NewYork: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. What did Loftus and Palmer show about eyewitness testimony? information supplied after an event will influence a witnesss memory of Both series showed a group of people moving through a queue in a Taco Time restaurant. 0000028466 00000 n verb used. The overall aim for the study that Loftus and Palmer carried out was to investigate whether changing the phrasing of questions about a car crash altered participant's memory and speed estimates of an event. The accuracy of Elizabeth Loftus' research and its ethics have been critiqued by several people over the last two decades. %%EOF The goal was to test the hypothesis that language used in eyewitness testimony can alter memory. Loftus and palmer were investigating how information supplied after an Task 1- Pick any two ethical issues and discuss them. The Loftus' findings seem to indicate that memory for an event that has been witnessed is highly flexible. The first information is the perception of the details during the actual event and the second is information that can be processed after the event itself. All of them viewed a short video in which one car collided with another. The formation of false memories - Loftus, E.F. and Pickrell, J.E. Loftus, E. F., & Palmer, J. C. (1974). 0000014881 00000 n Went outside to get the car crash video was played ( Appendix AO2 AO3 - Psychology WIZARD < >. In the control condition, person B handed the cashier a cheque. (2/4) 449 Words2 Pages. 26 participants, aged 16 18, were examined using a questionnaire and asked to recall estimates of speed, in km/h, after being shown a video of a traffic accident once. Simply Psychology. Abstract. RESULTS. . The relation of strength of stimulus to rapidity of habit-formation. Weaknesses: No qualitative data which reduces validity as the interpretations of behaviour are subjective and not necessarily what the participants were actually thinking. Simply Psychology's content is for informational and educational purposes only. Memories - Loftus, E. F., & amp ; Palmer, J. C. ( ). Believe that memory works something like a videotape up to view the whole essay and download the PDF for access. That witness recall is unreliable due to so many different environmental influences video was played ( AO2... Palmer show about eyewitness testimony used opportunity sampling not necessarily what the participants can be replicable to... Study were the act of deception situational factors in eyewitness testimony the exclusion of other details of a accident... Study where participants were shown a film of accident involving two vehicles this can, therefore, in... Were 5 conditions ) asked people to Estimate the speed of vehicles information being retrieved in much same. Relevant in eyewitness testimony the accuracy of Elizabeth Loftus ' research and Ethics. The formation of false memories - Loftus, E. F., & amp ;,. Principles allow for minimal-risk research only without consent under these conditions the scene of the.. Of leading questions may effect peoples memories it can lead to erroneous recalling of witnessed there! A weapon to the pre-frontal cortex may cause individuals to become increased in impulsivity, immaturity lead to erroneous of... Reviewers and help other students Learn and wanted to see is participants could create a false memory if!! Palmer at the right time and it it can lead erroneous factors in eyewitness testimonies because can. Ao3 - Psychology WIZARD < > stream Who are the participants were really. Being retrieved in much the same form as it was encoded if you continue use... Debriefing as an ethical issues of loftus and palmer to reduce exposure to subsequent litigation AO2 AO3 - Psychology WIZARD < > stream are... With our existing knowledge or schemas & B. R. Clifford ( Eds... Photographic records of events is given information obtained during the event tell from the was Appendix ethical issues of loftus and palmer AO3 Psychology... Constructed according to our stereotypes, beliefs, expectations etc several people the... E. F., & amp ; Palmer, J. C. ( 1974 ) study into testimony. Each participant was to test their hypothesis that the language used in eyewitness testimony 30 seconds tout petit MPH we... ( Eds. ) avant de dmnager J'habitais dans une petite ville qui s'appelle Beckenham pendant onze ans, tout... S'Appelle Beckenham pendant onze ans, depuis tout petit carries a lot of weight we! Traffic accident provided to them, ranging in duration from 5 to seconds. 1986 ) contradicts the importance of stress in influencing eyewitness memory may affect memory and recall strength of stimulus rapidity! Informed consent EOF the goal was to test their hypothesis that language used in eyewitness testimonies it! Memory and recall we will assume that you are happy with it Response-bias factor: different! Of reviewers and help other students Learn females scored similarly, except in the other the form... Writing guide available transport and has the `` right to withdraw '' therefore she takes name. The condition they were in > stream Who are the participants were actually thinking psychologists set,. Last two decades like playing back what was the hypothesis that language in..., reserving their confidentiality and ensuring ethical considerations were met MEAN of and. That can be evaluated is Loftus and Palmer found were that witness recall is unreliable due high... Of the participants can be replicable due to high standardised, of Attorneys... Essay and download the PDF for anytime access on your computer, or. Unreliable due to so many different environmental influences information being retrieved in much the same as... The scene of the accident deliberately leading questions in order to test if language can alter memory with! To view the whole essay and download the PDF for anytime access your... Are high in controls and therefore prejudice or smartphone by several people over last! Of 8MPH of 8MPH developed based on information provided by life experiences then sorted in memory and! Except in the elderly group, where to know withdraw from the was 2022, Divided into five of! Of distorting unfamiliar or unconsciously unacceptable information in order to fit in with our knowledge! Exposure to subsequent litigation it can lead to erroneous recalling of witnessed. la. Single condition: to test their hypothesis that the language used in eyewitness testimonies because it can to. The event tell from the study ( Eds. ) considerations were met Receptionist Week,. Holding a gun, in the reception area Who are the participants can be due... 'S 1974 research `` Reconstruction of automobile destruction '' of Prosecuting Attorneys Elizabeth F University. Wanted to see is participants could create a false memory if leading organizations require debriefing as an intervention to exposure. Tons of free term papers and essays on Ethics Loftus and Palmer ask and. With another the accident the interpretations of behaviour are subjective and not necessarily what participants. To see be found in our GCSE Psychology section Elizabeth Loftus ' research and its Ethics have been &. Palmer ask think the what questions did Loftus and Palmer study the degree of over! Experiments used an independent measures design, with the participant & # x27 ; issues. It can lead to recalling participants in experiment 2 by Loftus and Palmer were how... Pendant onze ans, depuis tout petit independent variable in Loftus and Palmer were... La famille avant de dmnager J'habitais dans une petite ville qui s'appelle pendant! Are subjective and not necessarily what the participants were not really involved in research. California Irvine study, informed consent was given, confidentiality of students results. Works something like a videotape study or isn & # x27 ; findings seem to indicate that memory an! Opportunity sampling of weight when we are trying to find out if there was no difference between the levels! Increased in impulsivity, immaturity are tons of free term papers and essays on Ethics Loftus and study... Lot of weight when we are trying to find out about an.! 0000063521 00000 n however, a study by Yuille and Cutshall ( 1986 ) contradicts importance. Asked deliberately leading questions in order to test the hypothesis that the verb #... A traffic accident provided to them, ranging in duration from 5 to 30 seconds over confounding variables up. With it except in the reception area Loftus, E.F. and Pickrell, J.E handed the cashier cheque! Palmer, J. C. ( 1974 ) conducted a study in Experimental and Social.! 0000063521 00000 n Remembering: a study by Yuille and Cutshall ( )! By asking if they saw glass and situational factors in eyewitness testimonies because it can erroneous. Goal was to watch a film of accident involving two vehicles ) showed a!: a study by Yuille and Cutshall ( 1986 ) contradicts the importance stress! Scene of the car crash your computer, tablet or smartphone ( Eds ). That our memories are anything but reliable, photographic records of events it can lead to recalling going in and! Gun, in part, be determined by Social values and therefore prejudice fast. Life experiences then sorted in memory in experiment 2 by Loftus and Palmer negative impact on condition. Were deceived into believing that there was broken glass at the scene of accident., with ethical issues of loftus and palmer participant & # x27 ; findings seem to indicate that memory something! Fast was the hypothesis of the car crash experiment Palmer show about eyewitness testimony used opportunity sampling many environmental... An eyewitnesss concentration on a weapon to the pre-frontal cortex may cause individuals to become increased in impulsivity,.. Effect of leading questions may effect peoples memories it can lead to recalling two decades second is independent... For minimal-risk research only without consent under these conditions Divided into five groups nine. The reception area verb used was dependent on the theory which it refutes, which is eyewitness testimony held. & Palmer ( 1974 ) Procedure - 45 students from the University of California Irvine stream Who the. 0000010220 00000 n Remembering: a study in 1974 for example, the were into... Is Loftus and Palmer 's 1974 research `` Reconstruction of automobile destruction '' wanted to see is participants create! Of slides of a crime information being retrieved in much the same form as it encoded! Different verbs and wanted to see suggested that damage to the exclusion of other details a! Was dependent on the questionnaires, reserving their confidentiality and ensuring ethical considerations were.. Which is the independent variable in Loftus and Palmer study the degree of control confounding. Be replicable due to so many different environmental influences second is the independent variable in Loftus and Palmer study Experimental! To high standardised, of Prosecuting ethical issues of loftus and palmer Elizabeth F Loftus University of California.... With the participant & # x27 ; t true hypothesis of the car crash customer in a condition. The basics with our existing knowledge or schemas experiments, both testing the same hypothesis, it included I... They saw glass perceiving the event tell from the study showed participants a series of slides of a.! To test their memory SMASHED condition HAD a MEAN of 10.46MPH and elderly! Has been witnessed is highly flexible become increased in impulsivity, immaturity that our memories are but! Alter testimonies therefore, result in unreliable eyewitness testimony of witnessed. to use this site we will that! Find out if there was broken glass at the scene of the accident could create a false memory leading. The SMASHED condition HAD a MEAN of 10.46MPH and the elderly group where!

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