cause and effect of the atlantic slave trade quizlet

Effect: Africans brought their art, music, religion, and food to influence societies. Europe got a lot of agricultural things from the Americas like potatoes and corn. [78], Following the British and United States' bans on the African slave trade in 1807, it declined, but the period after still accounted for 28.5% of the total volume of the Atlantic slave trade. Patrick Manning, "The Slave Trade: The Formal Demographics of a Global System" in Joseph E. Inikori and Stanley L. Engerman (eds). However, he says that by the time of the abolition of the slave trade in 1807, and the emancipation of the slaves in 1833, the sugar plantations of the British West Indies had lost their profitability, and it was in Britain's economic interest to emancipate the slaves. [233] The municipal government of Amsterdam, which co-owned the colony of Surinam, and De Nederlandsche Bank, which was involved in slavery between 1814 and 1863, had already apologized for their involvement on 1 July 2021 and 1 July 2022, respecively. [237], On 27 November 2006, British Prime Minister Tony Blair made a partial apology for Britain's role in the African slavery trade. [189], In Britain, America, Portugal and in parts of Europe, opposition developed against the slave trade. [6][7] Except for the Portuguese, European slave traders generally did not participate in the raids because life expectancy for Europeans in sub-Saharan Africa was less than one year during the period of the slave trade (which was prior to the widespread availability of quinine as a treatment for malaria). Native peoples were at first utilized as slave labour by Europeans until a large number died from overwork and Old World diseases. [204], Prime Minister Palmerston detested slavery, and in Nigeria in 1851 he took advantage of divisions in native politics, the presence of Christian missionaries, and the maneuvers of British consul John Beecroft to encourage the overthrow of King Kosoko. The Atlantic Slave Trade had a lasting impact on many parts of the world ever since it began. [86], Historian David Eltis argues that Africans were enslaved because of cultural beliefs in Europe that prohibited the enslavement of cultural insiders, even if there was a source of labour that could be enslaved (such as convicts, prisoners of war and vagrants). Spain, France and Portugal also relied on the international slave trade to supply their colonial plantations. In: Northrup, David: Elikia M'bokolo, "The impact of the slave trade on Africa". [35], However, estimates are imprecise, which can affect comparison between different slave trades. He cited examples such as the invention of the steam engine by James Watt, which was funded by plantation owners from the Caribbean. Du Bois wrote in 1948 that alongside the Atlantic slave trade in Africans a great world movement of modern times is "the partitioning of Africa after the Franco-Prussian War which . Cartagena, Veracruz, Buenos Aires, and Hispaniola received the majority of slave arrivals, mainly from Angola. "Profitability of Slave and Long-Distance Trading in Context: The Case of Eighteenth-Century France", "Introduction: The historiography of slavery in the Danish-Norwegian West Indies, c. 1950-2016", British documents on slave holding and the slave trade, 17881793, Historically black colleges and universities, Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH), National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC), Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL), Black players in professional American football, A House Divided: Denmark Vesey's Rebellion, Gullah/Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor, Plantation complexes in the Southern United States, Slave health on plantations in the United States, Treatment of the enslaved in the United States, Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law, Jim Hawkins and the Curse of Treasure Island, COVID-19 pandemic in the Dominican Republic, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Slave Narratives: A Folk History of Slavery in the United States, Barracoon: The Story of the Last "Black Cargo", List of last surviving American enslaved people, Cotton Plantation Record and Account Book, Amazing Grace: An Anthology of Poems about Slavery, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_slave_trade&oldid=1133741490, CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2011, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2014, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2019, Articles needing additional references from December 2021, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Before 1820, the number of enslaved Africans transported across the Atlantic to the New World was triple the number of Europeans who reached North and South American shores. As Elikia M'bokolo wrote in Le Monde diplomatique: The African continent was bled of its human resources via all possible routes. [107], Europeans would buy and ship slaves to the Western Hemisphere from markets across West Africa. [89] Dahomey sent diplomats to Brazil and Portugal who returned with information about their trips. [172] Thus, as African scholar John Thornton argues, African leaders who allowed the continuation of the slave trade likely derived an economic benefit from selling their subjects to Europeans. [96] Europeans who desired safe and uninterrupted trade aimed to prevent kidnapping incidents, and the British passed the "Acts of Parliament for Regulating the Slave Trade" in 1750 which outlawed the abduction of free Africans by "fraud, force, or violence". The Bight of Benin's shore soon came to be known as the "Slave Coast". [1] The vast majority of those who were transported in the transatlantic slave trade were people from Central and West Africa that had been sold by other West Africans to Western European slave traders,[2][3][4] while others had been captured directly by the slave traders in coastal raids;[5] Europeans gathered and imprisoned the enslaved at forts on the African coast and then brought them to the Americas. What were the causes and effects of the Atlantic revolutions? These included guns, ammunition, alcohol, indigo dyed Indian textiles, and other factory-made goods. The African slave trade provided a large number of slaves to Europeans and their African agents. It was his confident belief that over 15,000 slaves had been brought into this country during the past year. [citation needed] According to David Stannard's American Holocaust, 50% of African deaths occurred in Africa as a result of wars between native kingdoms, which produced the majority of slaves. [64][65] In 1672 the Royal Africa Company was founded; in 1674 the New West India Company became deeper involved in slave trade. Joseph C. Miller has argued that the social change and demographic stagnation (which he researched on the example of West Central Africa) was caused primarily by domestic factors. For each captive, the African rulers would receive a variety of goods from Europe. In addition to displacing a significant percentage of the population, the slave trade encouraged African nations to . [177] Historian Richard Pares, in an article written before Williams' book, dismisses the influence of wealth generated from the West Indian plantations upon the financing of the Industrial Revolution, stating that whatever substantial flow of investment from West Indian profits into industry there occurred after emancipation, not before. The timeline chart when the different nations transported most of their slaves. However, a vibrant illegal trade continued to ship large numbers of enslaved people to Brazil and also to Cuba until the 1860s, when British enforcement and further diplomacy finally ended the Atlantic slave trade. [47], By 1494, the Portuguese king had entered agreements with the rulers of several West African states that would allow trade between their respective peoples, enabling the Portuguese to "tap into" the "well-developed commercial economy in Africa without engaging in hostilities". 4043. After entering the sugar colony business late, British naval supremacy and control over key islands such as Jamaica, Trinidad, the Leeward Islands, and Barbados and the territory of British Guiana gave it an important edge over all competitors; while many British did not make gains, a handful of individuals made small fortunes. At the time this was the largest oceanic. Spread of Culture during the Atlantic slave trade. [114], Canadian scholar Adam Jones characterized the deaths of millions of Africans during the Atlantic slave trade as genocide. [91] Diplomats also traveled to European capital cities. From 1580 until 1640, Portugal was temporarily united with Spain in the Iberian Union. [91] An example is the case of William Ansah Sessarakoo, who was rescued from slavery in Barbados after being recognised by a visiting slave trader of the same Fante ethnic group, and later became a slave trader himself. El Salvador, Costa Rica, and Florida began their stints in the slave trade in 1541, 1563, and 1581, respectively. [147], As Britain rose in naval power and settled continental North America and some islands of the West Indies, they became the leading slave traders. [228] Luc Gnacadja, minister of environment and housing for Benin, later said: "The slave trade is a shame, and we do repent for it. [232], President Jerry Rawlings of Ghana apologized for his country's involvement in the slave trade. As more and more diplomatic arrangements were made by Castlereagh, the owners of slave ships started flying false flags of nations that had not agreed, especially the United States. Additionally, there was the desire to create an alternative trade network to that controlled by the Muslim Ottoman Empire of the Middle East, which was viewed as a commercial, political and religious threat to European Christendom. Sizable African population and mixed races in the Western Hemisphere. The passing of this resolution came on the heels of the 400th-anniversary celebration of the city of Jamestown, Virginia, which was the first permanent English colony to survive in what would become the United States. Web. The most important of those being the Haitian Revolution. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Slave labor, Depopulation, loss of culture, and conflict, Triangluar Trade and more. That is the verdict of our oracle and the priests. [19] In doing so, they came into contact with societies living along the west African coast and in the Americas which they had never previously encountered. [144] The effects on survivors included pockmarks on the skin which left deep scars, commonly causing significant disfigurement. [243] On 18 June 2009, the United States Senate issued an apologetic statement decrying the "fundamental injustice, cruelty, brutality, and inhumanity of slavery". David Richardson, "The British Empire and the Atlantic Slave Trade, 16601807," in P. J. Marshall, ed. It has been estimated that the profits of the slave trade and of West Indian plantations created up to one-in-twenty of every pound circulating in the British economy at the time of the Industrial Revolution in the latter half of the 18th century. In 1525, the Kongolese King Afonso I seized a French vessel and its crew for illegally trading on his coast.[49]. Economic incentives for warlords and tribes to engage in the slave trade promoted an atmosphere of lawlessness and violence. Social Science (1965): 220225. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Slave labor, Depopulation, loss of culture, and conflict, Triangluar Trade and more. But there was also significant other trading which is shown in the table below. The slave trade regularly used the triangular trade route and its Middle Passage, and existed from the 16th to the 19th centuries. [15], The trade led to the destruction of individuals and cultures. How did the slave trade operate? deprived many african communites. [49] In 1571 Portugal, supported by the Kingdom of Kongo, took control of the south-western region of Angola in order to secure its threatened economic interest in the area. [63] The main destinations of this phase were the Caribbean islands Curaao, Jamaica and Martinique, as European nations built up economically slave-dependent colonies in the New World. What was a direct result of the Atlantic slave trade on Africa? [203] The problem was that the treaties and declarations were hard to enforce, given the very high profits available to private interests. [97] The Atlantic slave trade peaked in the last two decades of the 18th century,[98] during and following the Kongo Civil War. In letters written by the Manikongo, Nzinga Mbemba Afonso, to the King Joo III of Portugal, he writes that Portuguese merchandise flowing in is what is fueling the trade in Africans. Inikori also notes that after the suppression of the slave trade Africa's population almost immediately began to rapidly increase, even prior to the introduction of modern medicines. The number of lives lost in the procurement of slaves remains a mystery but may equal or exceed the number who survived to be enslaved. The Atlantic slave trade affected more than twelve million African slaves and has left a huge imprint on today's society. -1600s-indentured servents. At first, the capture of a few slaves did not cause a stir in Lisbon. The City Council has made an unreserved apology for Liverpool's involvement and the continual effect of slavery on Liverpool's black communities. [238] Blair again apologized on 14 March 2007. [11] These slaves were managed by a factor, who was established on or near the coast to expedite the shipping of slaves to the New World. We exploited the slaves in the West Indian Islands during 250 years and made good money on them, but when we had to pay wages, we sold them instead, without even asking the inhabitants () That really wasn't a decent thing to do. The Royal Navy moved to stop other nations from continuing the slave trade and declared that slaving was equal to piracy and was punishable by death. "[75][76], Meanwhile, it became a business for privately owned enterprises, reducing international complications. [77] For the last sixteen years of the transatlantic slave trade, Spain was the only transatlantic slave-trading empire. After the Spanish reached the Americas in 1492, the direction of the trade became trans-Atlantic. "[85] In a 2015 paper, economist Elena Esposito argued that the enslavement of Africans in colonial America was attributable to the fact that the American south was sufficiently warm and humid for malaria to thrive; the disease had debilitating effects on the European settlers. The regions of Africa from which these slaves were taken is given in the following table, from the same source. [83], The basic reason for the constant shortage of labour was that, with much cheap land available and many landowners searching for workers, free European immigrants were able to become landowners themselves relatively quickly, thus increasing the need for workers. Diseases introduced by the Europeans like smallpox unfortunately killed a lot of the Native Americans which led to there being a need for workers which led to the Atlantic Slave trade. Europeans go to Africa, buy the slaves, take them across the Atlantic, bring them to the Americas, the slaves then will produce goods that would be shipped back to Europe and be sold on the European market. He found that mortality rates decreased over the history of the slave trade, primarily because the length of time necessary for the voyage was declining. [191] Following Lord Mansfield's decision in 1772, many abolitionists and slave-holders believed that slaves became free upon entering the British isles. There were several major causes for the Atlantic slave trade, such as high demand for cheap labour, the growing economies of the European colonial powers and the desire to make money. -In the new world, the Atlantic Slave Trade also produced deep social divides between the rich white and poor black communities. Arrival in the Americas As a result of the trade of enslaved people, five times as many Africans arrived in the Americas as Europeans. The Atlantic slave trade developed after trade contacts were established between the "Old World" (Afro-Eurasia) and the "New World" (the Americas). The last country to ban the Atlantic slave trade was Brazil in 1831. The Atlantic slave trade affected more than twelve million African slaves and has left a huge imprint on today's society. The treatment of slaves in Africa was more variable than in the Americas. Over 45 distinct ethnic groups were taken to the Americas during the trade. Exporting crops and goods from the New World to Europe often proved to be more profitable than producing them on the European mainland. Called the Triangular Trade (another name, South Atlantic system), because the trade routes linked Europe, Africa and the Americas. From 1750-1900 the Atlantic Revolutions were more similar because they reacted to the oppression of Absolutists governments and their want for popular sovereignty, their need to free themselves from the mercantilist policies and gain their economic autonomy and inspired by enlightened thinking of freedoms of religion, . Middle passage. [9] Shipowners regarded the slaves as cargo to be transported to the Americas as quickly and cheaply as possible,[8] there to be sold to work on coffee, tobacco, cocoa, sugar, and cotton plantations, gold and silver mines, rice fields, the construction industry, cutting timber for ships, as skilled labour, and as domestic servants. [202] Abolitionists after 1807 focused on international agreements to abolish the slave trade. Although scholars such as Paul Adams and Erick D. Langer have estimated that sub-Saharan Africa represented about 18 percent of the world's population in 1600 and only 6 percent in 1900,[183] the reasons for this demographic shift have been the subject of much debate. Prime Minister of the Netherlands Mark Rutte apologized for the Netherlands' role in the history of slavery on 19 December 2022. [69], By the 1690s, the English were shipping the most slaves from West Africa. [138], The slave trade was hated by many sailors, and those who joined the crews of slave ships often did so through coercion or because they could find no other employment. [89] In addition, a few royal elites of Dahomey had experienced slavery for themselves in the Americas before returning to their homeland. The transatlantic slave trade generally followed a triangular route: Traders set out from European ports towards Africa's west coast. [218][219][220], In 1792, 1200 Nova Scotian Settlers from Nova Scotia settled and established the Colony of Sierra Leone and the settlement of Freetown; these were newly freed African Americans and their descendants.

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