cameroon what are the specific water sources the lions exploit?

Mzima springs. Notwithstanding the fact that lions had visited the site, lion kills were confirmed using several supporting indicators including: lion tracks, hair and faeces, indications of a struggle visible in broken and trampled vegetation, the positioning of the carcass remains and the condition of any remaining hide bearing claw and bite marks typical of lion predation. The least mineralised groundwater overall is in basement aquifers. Even though it is difficult to know from which individual a faecal sample comes from, and male and female lions are sometimes found together at a kill, samples were mainly collected at female kills and hence the faecal approach can be considered as more representative of female lion diet. Kill sites were classified based on the forensic evidence of a kill. No seasonal difference in male lion diet was detected, due to the prime importance of buffalo throughout the year. 1). Our results showed that lions are opportunist hunters with prey ranging from mice to elephant. Juveniles were taken almost exclusively (Fig. Seasonal variation in the relative contribution by different prey species to lion kills, for males (M) and females (F), distinguishing age class proportions. We use cookies to analyse how visitors use our website and to help us provide the best possible experience for users. Timber logging provides significant government income, but is relatively poorly regulated. During this time game sightings were spectacular. and common mice (Mus spp.). Tsavo Lion Project - Lion Conservation Fund. The MCP method is the oldest one used among home range analysis methods ( Burt, 1943; Mohr, 1947), being the smallest convex polygon that encompasses all the lion locations, either using all the locations (MCP100%) or by first removing 5% of the outliers in the dataset (MCP95%) ( Powell, 2000 ). Miniature waterfalls sprung up overnight cascading down rocky outcrops and bursting over gullies, only to disappear again at the first sign of sunshine. Unconsolidated aquifers - including alluvium, marine and estuarine deposits - occur in many parts of the country, and are typically in hydraulic continuity with underlying bedrock aquifers. United Nations Department of Technical Cooperation for Development and Economic Commission for Africa, Natural Resources/Water Series No. Proportional prey selection did not differ significantly between seasons neither for males (Friedman 2early dry-late dry=10.17, df=7, p=0.18; Friedman 2early dry-wet=9.57, df=7, p=0.21; Friedman 2late dry-wet=11.70, df=7, p=0.11), nor for females even though results approached significance level (Friedman 2early dry-late dry=12.95, df=7, p=0.07; Friedman 2early dry-wet=11.67, df=7, p=0.11; Friedman 2late dry-wet=12.45, df=7, p=0.08). We then calculated a Jacobs index with r being the proportion of the kills made within 2 km of a waterhole and p the proportional availability of surface within 2 km of a waterhole. Leave a comment Sossusvlei 2020 WWF - World Wide Fund For Nature 1986 Panda Symbol WWF World Wide Fund For Nature (formerly World Wildlife Fund) WWF is a WWF Registered Trademark Creative Commons license. Generally, flow patterns of all Cameroon rivers are typified by rainfall. Shallow coastal aquifers are subject to seawater intrusion. Average distance-to-water revealed that lions typically kill between 1 and 4 km from a waterhole, with elephant and giraffe being the species killed most often the closest to a waterhole, and kudu and small antelopes killed the furthest away (Fig. Most women and many children walked 10-15km every day just to retrieve unclean, contaminated water from sources also used by cattle and wildlife for drinking and bathing. Sossusvlei Faecal data, mainly representative of female diet, suggest that kudu (revealed as the second main prey for females from kill data) may be an equally important prey species for female lions and that this species may be under-represented by kill data. Transboundary Groundwater Fact Sheet, compiled by F Bontemps. Certain details were gradually implemented to ensure that the environment of the areas where they were detained were close to if not identical to the habitat where they originally lived in. Others walk over two kilometres to get the precious liquid. In the northern region, increasing population combined with a reduction in the quantity and regularity of rainfall has resulted in persistent drought and reduced groundwater resources (Ako Ako et al. Cameroons location on the atlantic coast in central africa between latitude 2 and 13north, has a huge and diversified water resources potential. The former French colony won independence in 1960, and the former British colony joined with it in 1961. Composed mainly of Cretaceous marine sandstones and limestones, which are 1000 to 2000 m thick. Conceived and designed the experiments: ZD AJL DWM FM. In spite of the presence of a stand tap at the centre of the village, many villagers still rely on the water source. There are a number of natural lakes in Cameroon. Your email address will not be published. The main water source for the Tsavo West national park is Lake Jipe, which sradles the border with Tanzania, according to Kipongoso, its level had dropped 10 meters (33 feet) in a decade. 2009. The main aquifer in this basin is formed of unconsolidated Pliocene (Tertiary)-Quaternary sands, which form an upper and a lower aquifer, separated by a clay layer. Jacobss indices (kill and faecal data) revealed that buffalo were preferred in all seasons (Fig. We owe thanks to Wilderness Safaris, The Hide Safaris, Touch the Wild Safaris, Zimbabwe Sun international and the Gwaai ICA for permission to work on their concessions. Map developed from World Wildlife Fund HydroSHEDS; Digital Chart of the World drainage; and FAO Inland Water Bodies. Seasonal variation in relative contribution to lion kills by different prey species are shown in Fig. African elephants that have become accustomed to the relentless cycles of drought in Etosha and map its water sources in their memories. Recent advances in GPS technology has allowed non invasive carcass observations and faecal analysis to gain increasing knowledge on large mammalian carnivores diet [3], [4], and has also permitted to study the spatial distribution of kills providing important information for predator-prey relationships [5]. The Ministry of Water Resources and Energy / Ministere De Leau Et De Lenergie (MINEE) has responsibility for water supply and sanitation in both rural areas and towns through the Directorate of Directorate of Water (DE: Direction de lEau). 1988. Like the continent includes the islands of Cape Verde, Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles, and thus! For full functionality of this site, please enable JavaScript. However, in the dry season in many rural areas, demand for surface water resources exceeds supply, and much of the rural population relies on groundwater. feeding locations) of African lions in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe, a semi-arid African savanna structured by artificial waterholes. The Logone flows northward into the Lake Chad basin, which Cameroon shares with three neighbouring countries. French heritage and language dominates, but English speaking regions periodically agitate for more autonomy and sometimes even separation. Has its source in the water quality in Cameroon, the Lion Fund! 2009; Sigha-Nkamdjou et al. As such, the regular need to access drinking water constrains the movement of herbivores, and hence their distribution in the dry season [9][12]. Many studies have suggested two principal causes: (1) human activities such as poor farming practices,. The Dja and Kad drain southeastward into the Congo River. However, water quality in Cameroon has improved in the last decade. These are overlain by a series of Plio-Quaternary marine sands and estuarine clays and silts. Cameroon is rich in national parks and wildlife reserves, including the Waza National Park in the north (which contains both forest and savanna animals), the Dja Faunal Reserve (a UNESCO World Heritage site), and the Campo Ma'an National Park in the southwest (which has elephants, hippos, leopards, and plenty of primates). Female diet composition in the early dry season was significantly different from the other seasons (2early dry-late dry=19.06, df=7, p=0.008; 2early dry-wet=20.34, df=7, p=0.005; 2late dry-wet=14.07, df=7, p=0.05). Do sloths kill themselves by grabbing their arms; In botswana lions take to the water regularly, lions do hunt elephant and hippo and in some areas of the country lions can go for moths without drinking water. The river supports more than 700 species of fish, a number of which are endemic, within its various eco-regions. I travelled throughout Cameroon in February and March 2020 with colleagues from Wildlife Conservation Society and the Elephant Crisis Fund to gain a better understanding of the conservation landscape in . There is no evidence for widespread inorganic contamination of groundwaters, even in urban areas, but there is widespread bacteriological contamination of shallow groundwater in urban areas, such as Yaound and Douala, derived from domestic, industrial and hospital waste (Mafany and Fandong 2006). Lions are stalk-and-ambush hunters that use vegetative cover for concealment during hunting [43] and are known to ambush prey in habitats surrounding high-prey abundance areas [44]. (I accept). Once biomass consumption was estimated, buffalo contributed the most to lion dietary intake (33%), followed by giraffe (20%), medium Bovidae (18%), and kudu (14%) and collectively accounting for 85% of the prey biomass consumed (Table 3). Prey species proportional biomass contributing to lion diet, as detected from kills, faecal samples and observed hunts. David W. Macdonald, Contributed equally to this work with: However, water quality in Cameroon has improved in the last decade. 2015) of groundwater. Seasonal differences in the preference of prey were tested using Friedman rank sum tests. It is covered by 6 of the 8 main climatic units encountered in Cameroon (Kpoumi 2015) which are: (1) altitudinal tropical climate of the Adamawa; (2) mountainous tropical climate of the West;. Logone is a river stretching for 621 miles shared by Chad, Central African Republic, and Cameroon where it serves as an international border. In both rural and urban areas, people suffer because of the poor water quality in Cameroon. Whiskers indicate the range between 10% and 90% percentiles. Browsers such as giraffe, kudu and small antelopes were mainly consumed in the early dry season (Fig. Boreholes. This is generally un-metamorphosed, and made up of tillites with sandstones and schist intersected by granitic intrusions (the Lower Dja series). Vassolo S. 2012. With 208 km 3 of renewable water resources, only 1 km 3 is used for drinking water. We're sorry. Effect of diffuse recharge and wastewater on groundwater contamination in Douala, Cameroon. "Some years back some boreholes were rehabilitated by either the local council or the community. That was the only source of water for the entire Mambele community before WWF rehabilitated this stand tap. _____ _____ abiotic factor environmental conditions biotic factor. Zeke Davidson, Juveniles also represented an important proportion of the giraffe killed by lions (Fig. Lake Chad Basin Aquifer - Cretaceous to Quaternary. 2018. Dashed and dotted lines indicate mean proportions in the amalgamated kills for males and females respectively. This allows conversations they can hear for 100km further than normal. It was in Etosha that a study proved that elephant can communicate using infrasonic sounds; they literally 'bounce' these off a thermal inversion layer in the atmosphere. The Lake Chad basin aquifer contains three main aquifer units: a upper Quaternary-Lower Pliocene series; the Tertiary Continental Terminal; and the lower Cretaceous series of the Hamadien Continental and the Continental Intercalaire (GWP 2013). Wrote the paper: ZD MV AJL DWM. In more rural areas, people walk great distances just to reach rivers. Given the propensity of kill investigations to be biased towards large prey, this is likely an underestimation and it should be considered that juvenile zebra are highly selected for by lions. Based on geo-anthropological and geochemical studies, catastrophes similar to the unprecedented gas explosions in the mid-1980s from the Cameroonian killer lakes Nyos and Monoun, might occur in any of the 37 other lakes located along the Cameroon Volcanic Line (CVL). An average of 300 people depend on the water source, says Njounan Tegomo Olivier, WWF Collaborative Management Officer. 7 RIVERS AND WATERFALLS Three other major rivers are the Djrem, Bnuo, and Nyong. 2009). Groundwater in North and West Africa: Cameroon. The Dja and Kad drain southeastward into the Congo River. Male lions showed a preference for medium Bovidae in the early dry and wet seasons, and for Suidae in the late dry and wet seasons (Fig. Windhoek, Affordable Chobe & Okavango Delta Safari Review, Registered Members of these Organizations, 2nd floor, Tygervalley Cameroon: Water source sustains community, 1986 Panda Symbol WWF World Wide Fund For Nature (formerly World Wildlife Fund). Found in the southeast, and north of the Adamaoua, around Poli, this is made up of a series of schists-amphibolites with intercalations of quartzitic sandstones and phyllites. Little is known of the Cretaceous lower aquifer, which is composed of the Hamadien Continental and the Continental Intercalaire, with fossil and highly mineralized groundwater (GWP 2013). Water supply, sanitation and health risks in Douala 5 municipality, Cameroon. (2013) Seasonal Diet and Prey Preference of the African Lion in a Waterhole-Driven Semi-Arid Savanna. Africa Groundwater Atlas: Hydrogeology of Cameroon. Groundwater usually has low mineral content, with total dissolved solids rarely exceeding 300 mg/l, and conductivities generally between 30 and 350 uS/cm. What water sources do lions exploit in zimbabweabout school : Do sloths kill themselves by grabbing their arms; What water sources do lions exploit in zimbabwemaryland lacrosse camps 2021. Lake Jipe provides water for the wildlife species in the park like the lions, elephants and among others when they are thirsty. Cameroon is a fascinating country with incredible biodiversity and natural riches. More information on the derivation and interpretation of these statistics can be seen on the FAO Aquastat website. 1). Some groundwater in deeper aquifers contains low oxygen and corresponding high iron and even hydrogen sulphate gas (Mafany and Fandong 2006). Jane E. Hunt, 1 being water and season. 18, ST/TCD/5. Lion prey species found at kills classified in 8 groups and their respective proportions relative to frequency of occurrence. The Lake Chad Basin Aquifer System: a case study for the research project 'Transboundary groundwater management in Africa'. Contrastingly during wet seasons, pools of water are more available throughout the landscape and herbivore distributions more homogeneous and dispersed. Sightings of Lion in the Hluhluwe Umfolozi vary according to various factors. Samples were washed, sieved and sun dried to remove organic matter, and spread in a grid sampling tray. 2011. spesification Cameroon What Are The Specific Water Sources The Lions Exploit? Tsavo Parks and Chyulu Hills Complex - Unesco. In terms of quantity, it is the second potential in. Please cite this page as: Upton, Dochartaigh & Bellwood-Howard, 2018. Favourable soils and climate have allowed plantation agriculture to flourish, with extensive export of cash crops, including coffee and cocoa. The deeper aquifer is confined by the intervening clays, which is widely used for industry and domestic supplies in Douala (Mafany and Fantong 2006). In recognising this, the Sheldrick Wildlife Trust identifies and implements viable relief measures for different areas from the installation of boreholes where aquifers are in existence and the water table is high, to the transportation of water to remote areas and strategically positioned water troughs, along with long term solutions protecting important habitats and forests complimented by a robust reforestation program. The source of the river is in the mountainous highlands of East African rift before it eventually drains into the Atlantic Ocean. Africa Groundwater Atlas >> Hydrogeology by country >> Hydrogeology of Cameroon. Cameroon, a country located in Central Africa, is one of those places. Cameroon, with high rainfall throughout much of the country and much of the year, and a dense network of perennial rivers, has abundant surface water resources. In our case this is particularly true for the class small antelopes. The hydrogeology map shows a simplified version of the type and productivity of the main aquifers at a national scale (see the Hydrogeology Map resource page for more details). For more information on the map see the, Sedimentary - Intergranular & Fracture Flow, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/Hydrogeology_of_Cameroon, irrigation water use and requirement statistics, Groundwater in North and West Africa: Cameroon, Download a GIS shapefile of the Cameroon geology and hydrogeology map, Water Resources Management and Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) in Cameroon, Groundwater quality in Cameroon and its vulnerability to pollution, Climate, Hydrology and Water Resources in Cameroon, Water supply, sanitation and health risks in Douala 5 municipality, Cameroon, Groundwater Need Assessment - Lake Chad Basin, Effect of diffuse recharge and wastewater on groundwater contamination in Douala, Cameroon, Constructing a 3D geological model from geophysical data for groundwater modelling and management in the Kribi-Campo sedimentary sub-basin, Cameroon, http://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=Hydrogeology_of_Cameroon&oldid=57918.

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