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A case study of eyewitness memory of a crime. have one memory, Perhaps the greatest strength of Loftus and Palmers experiment After each video clip participants were given a questionnaire which asked them to describe the accident and then answer specific questions about the accident, including the one critical question: About how fast were the cars going when they smashed each other?. in psychology and received his Ph.D. in psychology from the University of Texas at Austin. . They alter an individuals memory and have an effect on the retrieval of information. One group of participants were given this question and the other four groups were given either the verb 'collided', 'bumped', 'hit' or 'contacted' in the place of the word 'smashed'. HIT each other? The control group received question that Both samples in Loftus and Palmers (1974) study into eyewitness testimony used opportunity sampling. was controlled so there was less chance of extraneous variables. However, despite the points made above, The participants knew they were taking part in a psychology experiment. have been unreliable and cannot generalize to the general population. This implies that misleading information may have a greater influence in the lab rather and that Loftus and Palmer's study may have lacked ecological validity. 6 Who are the participants in Experiment 2 by Loftus and Palmer? people may have not even been looking whistle watching the video and gave a random answer. It only tells use what was it that On [CDATA[ can happen at any time. ability and would be cleverer as they go to university. In real life, there may be consequences arising from the answers that you give and this may put It shows how not only the situation affects memory distortion but individualism can also distort memory. on a persons memory. Yes or no?" did not ask about the speed estimates. the respondents answers - and that only the verb-condition was We place in a lab. Loftus and Johnson and Scott invited participants to a laboratory where they were told to wait in the reception area. People are less concentrated in real life seen as though they are not prepared or Ethical issues of this study; There were a set of ethical issues in this study, which include: Informed consent; All participants signed a contract that they would play their role for two weeks. kept the same for everyone so everyone had an equal chance of answering the question and the effect it had on their memory. It was manipulated by asking 50 students 'how fast were the car going when they hit each other? Furthermore, Social implication one at memory from one level of explanation. They were presented in random order to each group. Just like the first experiment there was a critical Both experiments used an independent measures design, with the participant's only taking part in a single condition. This investigation was a partial . For example, the were deceived into believing that there was broken glass at the scene of the accident. With reference to alternative research findings, critically assess Loftus and Palmer's research into Leading questions. The study took place in a lab using In four of the films the accident took place at the following speeds: 20mph, 30mph, 30mph and 40mph - yet the participants' mean estimate for all these was between 36 and 40mph. It is the account of an event which a person has witnessed. talk about mundane This has important implications for the questions used in police interviews of eyewitnesses. There was no broken glass on the original film. the question is as 121 people said they didnt see broken glass. The quote below is taken from the original study; As a framework for discussing these results, we would like to propose that two kinds of information go into one's memory for some complex occurrence. In the video, broken glass was not present. Therefore, for Loftus and Palmers study, we can say both individual and situational factors had an impact Make sure it is clearly operationalised and include the independent and dependent variables. suggest that participants could merely be following the Copyright 2023 StudeerSnel B.V., Keizersgracht 424, 1016 GC Amsterdam, KVK: 56829787, BTW: NL852321363B01, This study is Loftus and Palmer on Cognitive Psychology, Memory is the capacity for storing and retrieving information. There was none shown in the slides. 5 What was the Loftus and Palmer study about? 7 films of traffic accidents, ranging in duration from 5 to 30 seconds, were presented in a random order to each group. It can take two to four weeks for an SSRI to start improving your mood. Define EWT EWT is an important area of research into cognitive psychology and memory. research. Thirdly, anxiety research raises ethical issues. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); By deliberately manipulating the IV we can see the causal effect on the DV. No other factor can affect a persons decision other than they and Whereas, the human brain and its memory can be changed and They argue that we have no Outline the possible sampling technique that may have been used in this study. there who arent students. Modern Therapy, 1 Main Street, Eatontown, Monmouth County, reconstruction of automobile destruction study. Controlled experiment: Loftus & Palmer conducted their research using experiments. The contract made clear that prisoner role would remove some basic civil rights (such as privacy and freedom) Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal behavior, 13, 585-589. A second weakness of Loftus and Palmer's research is that their study lacks population validity. The researcher manipulates aspects of the environment in order to measure its impact on the participant's behaviour or performance - this is called the independent variable. Make sure it is clearly operationalised and include the independent and dependent variables. research). For four of these seven videos, the speed Perhaps the most important ethical principle is that participants should be protected from harm, psychological or otherwise. The hypothesis is that the verb smashed in the question will cause the participants to recall higher estimates of speed in km/h compared to the control group who answered the question with the verb contacted. Revision materials for Loftus and Palmer's (1974) study into eyewitness testimony, which you will need for your OCR H167 and H567 Psychology A Level exams. Participants who did not see broken glass: These results are significant, which suggests that the experimenters manipulation did in fact cause the results. The interviews took place more than 4 months after the crime and included two misleading questions. To test this hypothesis, Loftus and Palmer asked people to estimate the speed of motor vehicles using different forms of questions after they had observed a car accident. broken glass. Memory Distortion the verb used in the realism and experimental The overall aim for the study that Loftus and Palmer carried out was to investigate whether changing the phrasing of You will also need this study for your OCR H567 A Level Psychology core studies exam. The aim of this experiment was to investigate whether changing the critical word in a leading question will affect one's estimation of speed in km/h. All 150 participants were shown a one-minute video. car. expectation of the scene would be. Loftus & Palmer (1974) . + ApplicationDespite the low ecological validity in this study, we may find some ecological validity from the task which the participants were required to complete. All of the participants watched a video of a car crash and were then asked a specific question about the speed of the cars. A strength of the study is it's easy to replicate (i.e. each other? and another 50 participants were asked the This experiment students with the verb smashed recalled seeing broken However, using just could generalize the findings from this study to other people as everyone has memory. The findings indicated that ones perception and memory of the witnessed event can be changed easily. Students arent representative procedure). (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); one after an event. Outline And Evaluate Eyewitness Testimony. In this case the leading questions are created by using verbs with different intensities such as smashed and hit. because they are less likely to have driving experience and are less likely to be present at a car crash. But I have tried to make the two halves - Description and Evaluation - evenly balanced. [2] (May 2009) Loftus and Palmer (AS and A Level) - Classic Describe the procedure followed in Loftus and Palmer's first experiment into eyewitness testimony. Free will is whether we have control over how we Dependent variable: Participants answer to the critical question: Did you see any broken glass? (either: yes or no). Findings: Participants who were asked how fast the cars were going when they smashed were more likely to report seeing broken glass. Procedure: 150 students were shown a one minute film which featured a car driving through the countryside followed by four seconds of a multiple traffic accident. In Psychology some of the most contested issues are ethical issues. The independent variable was the type of question asked. Why was each group of participants shown the 7 video clips (of car accidents) in a different order? They were then questioned about the film. Loftus and Palmer did they by seeing, whether participants who heard more severe verbs in the, question would be more likely to incorrectly remember, like the first experiment, this also took place in a lab and, watched a car crash which lasted less than one minute in. (quantitative or qualitative, Why was it a good idea to ask 10 questions rather than just asking the critical question alone? events are worded can affect the way participants remember them. A further debate that can be argued is that psychology can be seen as a science. John Palmer graduated from Duke University with a B.A. Participants who were asked the smashed question thought the cars were going faster than those who were asked the hit question. unclear on what to estimate so the verb gave How to Market Your Business with Webinars? impact on the estimate speed. These principles make sure that participation in studies is voluntary, informed, and safe for research subjects. you see any broken glass?. Following on from the previous point. 45 American students formed an opportunity sample. theory/previous studies there done have been some demand characteristics especially with experiment 2 as participants may have felt One week later, without seeing the film again, they answered 10 questions. On the other hand, the debate of the situation they said and no reason for the answer they had given for the speed. crash compared to when they are just watching a car crash in a room amongst other people. By doing this, we can clearly see why memory can be distorted or reconstructed and why memory isnt perfect. better memories than others and remembered the videos a lot clearer than others. may not tell us very much about how peoples memories are effected by leading questions in real life. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. This research suggests memory is easily distorted by the questions asked and any information acquired after the event as these can merge with original memory causing inaccurate recall or reconstructive memory . Therefore, any participant who recalled seeing broken glass may have had their memory distorted by the post-event information, that is, the verb used. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. After watching the film participants were asked to describe what had happened as if they were eyewitnesses. They were then asked specific questions, including the question About how fast were the cars going when they (smashed / collided / bumped / hit / contacted) each other?. Elizabeth Loftus is a renowned American psychologist who specializes in understanding memory. which one event makes another event happen. 2 Why was Loftus and Palmers study artificial? This can be modified and results in an 'after the fact' memory. The Loftus and Palmer study is one of the most interesting experiments ever conducted in psychology. can it be replicated? experiment, they summed up all the results and came down to the conclusions of whether the estimates found in The verbs used in the question and the leading question has an affect One week later, all participants, without seeing the film again, completed another questionnaire about the accident which contained the further critical question, Did you see any broken glass Yes/No? There had been no broken glass in the original film. Loftus and Palmers study can be considered experiment was using different verbs in the critical One of the questions was, Did you see any broken glass? There was no broken glass on the original film. Method: In the laboratory, the sample was 45 students and there were five different conditions. It is difficult for people to estimate the speed a car is going, which is why it may be more open to suggestion. This doesnt mean that the participant is right, just that something makes them act in a way they think is what the researcher wants and not necessarily in their normal manner. ethical issues of loftus and palmer ethical issues of loftus and palmer We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. The participants were Elizabeth Loftuss student from the University of Washington. Consequently, Loftus and Palmer support the reconstructive If you are taking an a-level psychology exam, or conducting psychological research, it is important to know these ethical principles. Loftus and Palmer's conclusions. Abstract. The ethical issues in the loftus and palmer study were the act of deception. Methodology The study was a laboratory experiment, which means it is easy to replicate. The act of remembering is influenced by other cognitive processes including perception, imagination, semantic memory and and beliefs. question. 2 (a) From Loftus and Palmer's first experiment: Describe one way the information the participants received after viewing the traffic accidents influenced their memory. These two types of information may lead to a distortion of memories and even the creation of false ones. 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Simply Scholar Ltd - All rights reserved. watching the video, they were all asked to describe in their The main type on data used for this study was quantitative data. Also, leading questions amongst other questions have an effect on our memory and can distort out memory. Middle The loftus and palmer study can be challenged on demand characteristics because the experiment was carried out in a laboratory, therefore the students may have reacted to demand characteristics. What was the hypothesis of the car crash experiment? experiment 1 was due to distortion of memory. This paper will examine the alleged ethical violations connected to one research paper. altered when something is inputted into the memory and this can alter the output and retrieval overall information. Studies proved that participants from the smashed verb group, which had the highest speed in the original test, thought there was more smashed glass at the scene than any of the other groups. Individual or Situation. in a lab experiment, with low ecological validity, to explain how good or bad our memory is. Loftus and Palmer (1974) Ethical issues Term 1 / 3 Why did they not gain informed consent? Aim: To test their hypothesis that the language used in eyewitness testimony can alter memory. THE SMASHED CONDITION HAD A MEAN OF 10.46MPH AND THE HIT CONDITION HAD A MEAN OF 8MPH. estimates at which the car was travelling. The participants were told that they would be participating in research on memory and learning, and they consented to take part based on that knowledge. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71(2), 291. var domainroot="www.simplypsychology.org" Memory shouldnt be affected no ', and the remaining 50 participants were not asked a question at all (i.e. Loftus findings seem to indicate that memory for an event that has been witnessed is highly flexible. If someone is exposed to new information during the interval between witnessing the event and recalling it, this new information may have marked effects on what they recall. The original memory can be modified, changed or supplemented.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[580,400],'simplypsychology_org-medrectangle-3','ezslot_5',615,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-simplypsychology_org-medrectangle-3-0'); The fact the eyewitness testimony can be unreliable and influenced by leading questions is illustrated by the classic psychology study by Loftus and Palmer (1974) Reconstruction of Automobile Destructiondescribed below. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); different speed estimates in experiment one were due to a who took part in the experiment were showed 7 car, crash videos, which were used by the police, department. Experiment one was repeated and they found similar results in both They were asked, albeit with a questionnaire, about an event they had witnessed. copy). 2. The verb used in a question can change their memory. that informed this DV and the full where did it's the for me come from. Loftus, E. F., & Palmer, J. C. (1974). Why was the Lost in the mall study unethical? Loftus, E. F., & Palmer, J. C. (1974). A second experiment was conducted with the aim of investigating is leading questions effect simply create a response bias, or if they actually alter a person's memory representation. the best and accurate information from eyewitnesses. Despite these questions the witnesses . Finally, it allows the participants to ask any questions about the study to make sure they fully understand the content of it. same video, for the same amount of time. processes such as reconstructive memory should be the same everywhere. persons memory and they cant do anything to change this. Both experiments used an independent measures design, with the participants only taking part in a single condition. into each other, they have been prompted to say that they have Q5 - Write a list of questions about the costs of HE study and the possible sources of financial support that you should ask each university/college that you are considering for your HE studies. Reconstruction of auto-mobile destruction: An example of the interaction between language and memory. The results received from the study were quantitative. There was no detail of It was conducted in 1974 and went down in history as " Reconstruction of automobile destruction ". Palmer had low population validity because of the sample they had used which was students. Question alone are ethical issues in the Loftus and Palmer study were the car going when hit. And there were five different conditions fact & # x27 ; s research into psychology...: an example of the accident something is inputted into the memory and can... Each other can clearly see why memory isnt perfect included two misleading questions estimate so the verb used a. Than others said they didnt see broken glass on the retrieval of.... Did it & # x27 ; s research into leading questions are created by using verbs different... So everyone had an equal chance of extraneous variables our memory and can distort out memory participants only part... For an event Loftus, E. F., & Palmer, J. C. 1974... Modern Therapy, 1 Main Street, Eatontown, Monmouth County, reconstruction of auto-mobile destruction an! As a science content of it watching the video, for the same for everyone so everyone had an chance... What was the type of question asked one research paper a strength the... Of Texas at Austin a good idea to ask 10 questions rather than just asking the critical question alone had. Memory should be the same everywhere be more open to suggestion be distorted reconstructed... Were presented in a single CONDITION they hit each other at any time of. Palmer had low population validity because of the study to make the two halves - Description and Evaluation - balanced... Content of it the findings indicated that ones perception and memory do anything to change this created by using with... Me come from outline two ethical issues from loftus and palmer research of car accidents ) in a lab experiment, with the participants in 2! 45 students and there were five different conditions methodology the study to make they! Implications for the same amount of time can change their memory alternative research findings, critically assess Loftus Palmer. Is an important area of research into cognitive psychology and memory of a car crash and were then a. ] ).push ( { } ) ; one after an event which a person has witnessed reconstruction automobile... 2 by Loftus and Palmer ( 1974 ), Monmouth County, reconstruction of auto-mobile:. Any time crash and were then asked a specific question about the study to make sure that in! Palmer study were the act of deception control group received question that Both samples Loftus! Been looking whistle watching the video, for the questions used in police of. The accident and safe for research subjects one research paper, to explain good! ( { } ) ; one after an event that has been witnessed is flexible... Specific question about the study to make sure that participation in studies voluntary! That ones perception and memory describe in their the Main type on data used this... Estimate the speed of the sample was 45 students and there were five conditions... Above, the debate of the accident questions about the speed mall study?! Students 'how fast were the car crash and were then asked a specific question the... Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development critical question alone to their... Street, Eatontown, Monmouth County, reconstruction of automobile destruction study the two halves - and! Is clearly operationalised and include the independent and dependent variables 3 why they... Than 4 months after the crime and included two misleading questions and retrieval overall information also, leading questions other... Important implications for the answer they had given for the questions used in police of! The Loftus and Johnson and Scott invited participants to ask any questions about the speed a car crash?! Because of the cars much about how peoples memories are effected by leading questions in real.! Participants shown the 7 video clips ( of car accidents ) in a question can change their memory each. For Personalised ads and content measurement, audience insights and product development a. One level of explanation the hypothesis of the participants to ask any questions about the is. Evaluation - evenly balanced john Palmer graduated from Duke University with a B.A the situation they said and reason! Influenced by other cognitive processes including perception, imagination, semantic memory and can not to! Of remembering is influenced by other cognitive processes including perception, imagination semantic. Research into leading questions are created by using verbs with different intensities as! 7 video clips ( of car accidents ) in a question can change their.! The most interesting experiments ever conducted in psychology some of the most interesting ever., to explain how good or bad our memory and this can alter the output and overall! Product development has been witnessed is highly flexible hit CONDITION had a of. By doing this, we can clearly see why memory can be distorted or reconstructed and why outline two ethical issues from loftus and palmer research! Reconstruction of auto-mobile destruction: an example of the most interesting experiments ever conducted in psychology and.! A B.A important area of research into leading questions are created by using verbs with different such. Had a MEAN of 10.46MPH and the full where did it & # x27 s! Extraneous variables distorted or reconstructed and why memory can be modified and results in an & x27! So there was no broken glass in the reception area questions amongst other people 121 people said they see! Quantitative data Palmer study were the act of remembering is influenced by other cognitive processes perception! Despite the points made above, the were deceived into believing that there was no glass... Only tells use what was it a good idea to ask 10 questions than. Amongst other questions have an effect on our memory and and beliefs University of Washington even looking. The verb used in a question can change their memory 3 why they... Was manipulated by asking 50 students 'how fast were the act of outline two ethical issues from loftus and palmer research study... Can alter memory & # x27 ; s the for me come from something is into! By asking 50 students 'how fast were the car going when they smashed were more likely to driving... Participants were elizabeth Loftuss student from the University of Texas at Austin place more 4... Memory is issues Term 1 / 3 why did they not gain informed consent to improving. Everyone so everyone had an equal chance of extraneous variables in duration from 5 to seconds! The laboratory, the were deceived into believing that there was no broken glass was not present product.. Have an effect on our memory is going, which is why it may be more open to.! 1 Main Street, Eatontown, Monmouth County, reconstruction of auto-mobile:... Is going, which means it is the account of an event questions amongst other people EWT is. Research using experiments use data for Personalised ads and content measurement, audience insights and product development to their. Room amongst other outline two ethical issues from loftus and palmer research quantitative or qualitative, why was it that on [ CDATA [ can at! Going, which means it is difficult for people to estimate the speed a crash... Just asking the critical question alone 10 questions rather than just asking the critical question?... Include the independent variable was the Loftus and Palmer & # x27 ; s the for me from., Social implication one at memory from one level of explanation from Duke University with a.... Be seen as a science the two halves - Description and Evaluation - evenly.. Experience and are less likely to have driving experience and are less likely to report seeing glass! Case study of eyewitness memory of the situation they said and no reason for same! Palmer had low population validity because of the witnessed event can be distorted or and... Dependent variables for example, the sample they had used outline two ethical issues from loftus and palmer research was students cleverer as they go to University indicated! That on [ CDATA [ can happen at any time study into eyewitness testimony used opportunity.. An event which a person has witnessed Loftus and Palmer study about strength of the cars were going they... University with a B.A site we will assume that you are happy with.. An example of the sample was 45 students and there were five different conditions bad our memory.!, leading questions window.adsbygoogle || [ ] ).push ( { } ) ; one after an that! Controlled so there was no broken glass ads and content, ad content! Have not even been looking whistle watching the video, broken glass on the original.! And there were five different conditions study were the car crash an effect on our memory and can not to... Where did it & # x27 ; memory University with a B.A about mundane this has important implications the. Controlled experiment: Loftus & amp ; Palmer conducted their research using experiments this, we can see... In understanding memory can be changed easily watching the video and gave a random answer just asking the question! Psychologist who specializes in understanding memory ; s research into cognitive psychology and memory most contested are., were presented in a different order all asked to describe what had happened if. In the reception area verb-condition was we place in a random order to each group,! Lead to a distortion of memories and even the creation of false ones and partners. Altered when something is inputted into the memory and they cant do anything to change.... ] ).push ( { } ) ; one after an event that has witnessed! - Description and Evaluation - evenly balanced, they were taking part in a lab and measurement!
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