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Sophia Dorothea of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glcksburg, Philip, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glcksburg, Gustav Adolph, Duke of Mecklenburg-Gstrow, Joachim Frederick, Elector of Brandenburg, Articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana, Articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia. Despite being a lover of war, Charles XI was not eager to comply with the French demand. The entire operation cost Frederick William a mere 15 men. Frederick William had no intention of providing the time necessary to do so, declaring confidently, We are so close to the enemy, that he must lose his hair or his feathers.. Swedens acute lack of resources and funds made its recent conquests extremely vulnerable. 'GY-=>G9xv{$',$^5U?_3 Z8]zFby*U3*>Y m|NvG ?J2D=S>V=Ro~,liQN< SKKB ? But Frederick William had no intention of meekly accepting defeat. Much the same transpired in October near Strasbourg, where the Brandenburgers attacked the French but again came up short when the Austrians failed to support the assault. The elector utilized his opportunity to the fullest. Frederick William celebrated his driving off the Swedes, while Waldemar insisted that his bloody charges had delayed the enemy long enough to save the bulk of his force. They controlled lands that encompassed Spain, Austria, Low Countries, and New World territories. Frederick William was livid. a form of government in which a single person holds unlimited political power. Their children were as follows: On 13 June 1668 in Grningen, Frederick William married Sophie Dorothea of Holstein-Sonderburg-Glcksburg, daughter of Philip, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glcksburg and Sophie Hedwig of Saxe-Lauenburg. That miracle was about to occur. He saw the importance of trade and promoted it vigorously. Already the French were failing to deliver the promised subsidies, and when Montecuccoli returned to retake control of the Austrian army and actually went onto the offensive, the elector decided to resume his war with France. Michael Romanov was crown tsar to end the Time of Troubles. In his half-century reign, 16401688, the Great Elector transformed the small remote state of Prussia into a great power by augmenting and integrating the Hohenzollern family possessions in northern Germany and Prussia. Shortly after Waldemars arrival, the advance elements of the Brandenburger cavalry under Prince Friedrich arrived on the scene. was the time period 1598 to 1613 when Russia struggled to find an heir. 1941), "The Great Elector", Frederick William, 16401688. Frederick William also faced opposition from the estates, or parliaments, of the various Hohenzollern lands. It was clear to both sides that as soon as the smoke cleared at Fehrbellin, a great shift in the European balance of power would occur. The seeds were thus sown for the dramatic growth of the army in generations to come. prince by consolidating his rule over a composite state of non-contiguous territories. Frederick William was a staunch pillar of the Calvinist faith, associated with the rising commercial class. On the other side of the lines, the Swedes too were at a crossroads. The Great Elector: Frederick William of Brandenburg-Prussia. Prussian Duchy from the suzerainty of the Polish King at the end of the War of the North in 1660 (p. territorial estates, which had traditionally called on the Polish King to mediate their conflicts with the, easily levy unauthorized taxes or impose other unpopular fiscal policies (pp. The office of poetry is not to make us think accurately, but feel truly. Prussia's unification of Germany. The death of Ivan the Terrible ushered in an era of confusion and violent struggle for power. Nevertheless, both sides claimed victory. He saw the importance of trade and promoted it vigorously. The Romanovs brought about total enserfment of the people, while the military obligations on the nobility were relaxed considerably. When he died, he left a centralized political administration, sound finances, and an efficient army, laying the foundation for the future Prussian monarchy. These, William to begin to centralize his control over the disparate Hohenzollern territories, which reached, from the Baltic to the lower Rhine. On that date in 1675, the Prussians achieved the start of their proud military tradition. His shrewd domestic reforms gave Prussia a strong position in the post-Westphalian political order of north-central Europe, setting Prussia up for elevation from duchy to kingdom, achieved under his son and successor. In the summer of 1675, Swedish troops led by Marshal Karl Wrangel invaded the German principality of Brandenburg. Absolutely no hesitation whatsoever in buying from again! WebThe City of Frederick, MD - Official Website | Official Website Government Mayor Michael O'Connor YouTuba Facebook Twitter YouTuba Instagram Payments Public Meetings Employment Maps & APPS Popular Content Quickly find what you are looking for Budget FY 24 Budget Feedback NEIGHBORHOOD ADVISORY COUNCIL Parks & RECREATION His success in rebuilding the lands and his astute military and diplomatic leadership propelled him into the ranks of the prominent rulers in an era of "absolutism". reigned from 1019-1054. He is notable for his joint victory with Swedish forces at the Battle of Warsaw, which, according to Hajo Holborn, marked "the beginning of Prussian military history",[5] but the Swedes turned on him at the behest of King Louis XIV and invaded Brandenburg. are the nobility and the landowning classes who dominated The Estates of Brandenburg and Prussia. was elected the new hereditary tsar in 1613 of Russia. Refugee Huguenots, who fled France after King Louis XIV revoked official toleration of Protestantism, were welcomed into Protestant Brandenburg by Great Elector Frederick William. was Conflict caused by the rival claims for the dominions of the Habsburg family. With his Austrian allies now almost entirely out of the picture, the miserable elector broke down and asked Louis for peace in early 1673. Frederick William, the Great Elector, Faith Healer Peter Popoff Is Exposed as a Fraud, Little League Baseball Star Danny Almonte Is Found to Be Overage, Crucial Conversations: Tools for Talking When Stakes are High. ", Wilson, Peter H. "The Great Elector. At the close of the campaign, Waldemar had a paltry 4,000 men remaining at his disposal. At the same time, the battle served to underscore Swedens gradual decline. Although committed to the Protestant Calvinist faith, Frederick William formed alliances with Catholic rulers when it was to his advantage. Faced by an invading army from Sweden, one of the foremost powers of the day, the Brandenburgers prepared for battle at the little town of Fehrbellin, northwest of Berlin. were members of the highest rank of Russian feudal society. Waldemar had no choice but to attackonly now he would be forced to make an exposed uphill charge. Events were particularly chaotic after Ivan's son, Theodore, died in 1598 without an heir. Their purpose was to avoid the enemy, beat them to the town, and destroy the towns lone bridge, thus severing the Swedish retreat. Following the Thirty Years' War, which devastated much of the Holy Roman Empire, Frederick William focused on rebuilding his war-ravaged territories. In 1668 he introduced the Prussian General Staff; it became the model in controlling an army for other European powers. Elector Frederick William was born in Berlin to George William, Elector of Brandenburg, and Elisabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate. [7], Although a strict Calvinist who stood ready to form alliances against the Catholic states led by France's Louis XIV, he was tolerant of Catholics and Jews. He established local governments in each province, headed by a governor and a chancellor, but they reported to his central government in Berlin. They imply a great deal of thinking about others. The alliance of Sweden and France had checked the swelling power of the Hapsburgs during the Thirty Years War. However, it was not yet the European power it would become in the following century. Shortly afterward, a combined Dutch-Danish fleet intercepted the Swedish navy and wrecked nearly three-quarters of it. The electors men would not be disappointed. Despite the cannon fire searing through their ranks, the Swedes charged madly, putting the battles outcome in doubt. was a Hohenzollern leader who inherited the title of elector of Brandenburg. During the ensuing years, Frederick William had taken steps in that direction. Funding the military through heavy taxes required building up new industry, such as wool, cotton, linen, lace, soap, paper, and iron. The Swedes own 38 cannons, only seven of which were operational, would be unable to assist in the assault. Derfflinger opposed the strategy, arguing that his horsemen were too exhausted from the march and the assault on Rathenow, but the elector, backed by Prince Friedrich, overruled him, stressing the need for a decisive campaign. It has been said by a certain general, that the first object in the establishment of an army Frederick William expected the Dutch to hold out for a considerable length of time, but when the republic was almost entirely absorbed by France during the course of one lightning-fast campaign, the need to act decisively became ever more pressing. His inheritance consisted of the Margraviate of Brandenburg, the Duchy of Cleves, the County of Mark, and the Duchy of Prussia. They wanted Austria to stay a unified country and not be broken up. Louis, in turn, invaded Germany proper and became an even greater menace. The Pragmatic Sanction was created because Charles' brother, Joseph, died without any male heirs. A request for support to the Austrians, however, proved pointless. Commissioner Robert Spindell, who also served as a fake elector for former President Donald Trump, again on Wednesday refused to resign. On June 29, he reluctantly signed the Treaty of St. Germain, effectively wiping out all of his gains by restoring the conquered territories to Sweden. He concocted a strategy in which he would quickly capture the little town of Rathenow, located directly between Havelberg and Alt-Brandenburg, and split the Swedish army in two. Ongoing struggle between Sweden and Poland for control of Baltic after 1648 and wars of Louis XIV created atmosphere of permanent crisis. Traditionally, during state dinners, kings had been allowed to lounge in armchairs. The buried talent is the sunken rock on which most lives strike and founder. They stayed in and increased power through election and marriage. {n-1y. Unlike Frederick William, Waldemar also possessed infantry and thus was at a decided advantage. A member of the House of Frederick William, still en route, ordered the prince to await his arrival, but the prince was impatient and, determining the Swedes to be on their last legs, ordered an immediate attack through the pouring rain. Kind thoughts are rarer than either kind words or deeds. After the Seven Years' War he introduced the iron plow, crop rotation, and clover. The Swedes gave hardly a thought to their violation of the nonaggression treaty with Brandenburg, considering it a military necessity. Psychologically, however, the triumph belonged to Brandenburg, which earned the distinction of being the first minor German state in modern times to deal such a stunning blow to a major European power. Led by Colonel Joachim Henning, the Brandenburger troops speeding toward Fehrbellin consisted of a mere 130 horsemen. By the end of the Thirty Years War he understood that his power depended upon having a standing army, and at the height of the war against the Dutch his army totaled forty-five thousand. Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg aliases The Great Elector Frederick William (German: Friedrich Wilhelm) (16 February 1620 29 April 1688) was Elector of Brandenburg Brandenburg was a poor territory in the northeast corner of the Holy Roman Empire. Already the Brandenburger artillery was raining hell down upon the Swedes, goading the younger Wrangel to move. In the Second Northern War, he was forced to accept Swedish vassalage for the Duchy of Prussia according to the terms of the Treaty of Knigsberg (1656),[2] but as the war progressed he succeeded in gaining full sovereignty for the Prussian duchy in the treaties of Labiau, Wehlau, Bromberg and Oliva, leaving the Holy Roman Emperor as his only liege for his imperial holdings. They successfully unified the nation under harsh rule. His replacement, Alexander Graf von Bournonville, was fully prepared to maintain the allies defensive stand and even withdrew following a short-lived French offensive. hypocrisy. However, if victory could somehow be achieved, the prospects of increasing ones prestige and influence were tremendous. After marching 250 kilometres in 15 days back to Brandenburg, he caught the Swedes by surprise and managed to defeat them on the field at the Battle of Fehrbellin, destroying the myth of Swedish military invincibility. Inexplicably, the Swedish commander did a curious thing. The one who will be found in trial capable of great acts of love is ever the one who is always doing considerate small ones. The Swedish incursion gave him an excellent excuse to leave behind his worthless allies along the Rhine and win martial glory for himself. He built framework for absolute rule and worked to limit the power of boyars. Military Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. He issued the Edict of Potsdam in 1685, granting asylum to Huguenots expelled from France. Charles was the last of all of the Habsburg males. The Great Elector is most famous for building a strong standing army, with an elite officer corps. The Great Elector Derek McKay 3.50 8 ratings1 review Want to Read Kindle $47.84 Rate this book In this first biography in English for fifty years, Derek McKay avoids the limitation of seeing Frederick William primarily as precursor of the 'Enlightened' Frederick the Great. Exhausted by days of hard riding and fighting, the Brandenburgers declined to pursue. $13.95 (paper), ISBN 978-0-582-49482-4. By combining Italian and Russian traditions into a unique, wildly colorful St. Petersburg style, Rastrelli built many palaces for the nobility and all the larger government buildings erected during Elizabeth's reign. The Brandenburger cavalry raced forward, hoping to cut off Waldemar at Nauen, but the enemy proved too slippery and had already passed by. Following Louis XIV's revocation of the Edict of Nantes, Frederick William encouraged skilled French and Walloon Huguenots to emigrate to Brandenburg-Prussia with the Edict of Potsdam, bolstering the country's technical and industrial base. Frederick William (German language: Friedrich Wilhelm) (16 February 1620 29 April 1688) was Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia and thus ruler of Brandenburg-Prussia from 1640 until his death. was Ivan IV and the grandson of Ivan III. The Great Elector: Frederick William of Brandenburg-Pr ussia (Profiles In Power) Be the first to write a review. He is noted for his use of broad directives and delegation of decision-making to his commanders, which would later become the basis for the German doctrine of Auftragstaktik, and for using rapid mobility to defeat his foes.[6]. As expected, the Holy Roman Emperor was unwilling to sacrifice any of his army in the defense of Brandenburg. The resulting Treaty of Westphalia had extended Swedish control over the Baltic, most notably in Germany, where Sweden received a large portion of Pomerania. However, the ultimate danger came from Frances King Louis XIV Louis XIV;Netherlands and , who seized the Spanish Netherlands in the name of his Spanish wife. At his accession the scattered lands of the Hohenzollern were devastated and depopulated by the Thirty Years War and occupied by Swedish troops. Inexplicably, the Swedish commander did a curious thing. His economic endeavors failed to transform Brandenburg-Prussia. Aware of the negative domestic consequences of his military aims, Frederick William followed the prevailing economic doctrine of mercantilism, Mercantilism;Brandenburg or cameralism as it was known in Germany, which advocated state leadership in guiding the economy. The Great Elector is most famous for building a strong standing army, with an elite officer corps. To turn water into wine, and what is common into what is holy, is indeed the glory of Christianity. It stated that the Habsburg possessions were never to divide and were always to be passed intact to a single heir. Frederick William was fully determined to use Swedish ignorance to his advantage. At the same time, the young and impressionable King Charles XI had just reached the age of legitimacy and was assuming power from a regency government. Below is the article summary. Frederick William The Great Electorhole quotes Frederick William The Great Electorhole Quotes & Sayings . were a nomadic tribe. Item exactly as described, in perfect condition. Before the death of Charles VI, many of the European powers had guaranteed that Charles's daughter Maria Theresa would succeed him. Delaying the process even more was a sudden attack of the gout that prevented Frederick William from reaching The Hague until May. During the Thirty Years' War, George William strove to maintain, with a minimal army, a delicate balance between the Protestant and Catholic forces fighting throughout the Holy Roman Empire. Waldemar found the bridge smoldering yet still very much intact. Frederick William had stretched his resources to the limit in order to campaign against France, and Brandenburg was virtually defenseless. New York: Longman, 2001. Frederick William reacted promptly by marching his armies from the Rhine to northern Brandenburg, and encountered the rear of the Swedish army, which was in the process of crossing a swamp, in the Battle of Fehrbellin (1675). Their children were the following: Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg. Although it would again prove itself a force to be reckoned with under its next king, Charles XII, the Swedish empire, stretched thin and exposed as little more than a client state of France, was doomed to inevitable collapse. Their children were as follows: On 13 June 1668 in Grningen, Frederick William married Sophie Dorothea of Holstein-Sonderburg-Glcksburg, daughter of Philip, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glcksburg and Sophie Hedwig of Saxe-Lauenburg. He gave the Junkers exclusive right to be officers in his army. A. expunge, B. collate, C. extol, D. prate E. impute. They reached the hills summit and captured the Brandenburger artillery. This in itself is rare. **b**. He favored Calvinist advisers, but to gain toleration for his Calvinism, he had to accept toleration for the majority Lutheran population. was a family dominated politics in German states. Completely confused, the defenders were either killed or captured, and the town soon fell. It influenced Peter to build St. Petersburg. That winter, however, the army was ill-prepared to march. WebFrederick II, byname Frederick the Great, German Friedrich der Grosse, (born January 24, 1712, Berlin, Prussia [Germany]died August 17, 1786, Potsdam, near Berlin), king of Prussia (174086), a brilliant military campaigner who, in a series of diplomatic stratagems and wars against Austria and other powers, greatly enlarged Prussias territories and They were there to decide the future of their state. The great elector followed a policy of religious toleration, but as much by necessity as by principle. Inner-Polish Catholic opposition to an intervention on the Protestant Hungarian rebels' side added to the resentments. He created a strong army and the best standing army in Europe. Frederick William, German Friedrich Wilhelm known as the Great Elector, (born Feb. 16, 1620, Clln, near Berlindied May 9, 1688, Potsdam), Elector of Brandenburg (164088) who restored the Hohenzollern dominions after the Thirty Years War. The Book of Disquiet: The Complete Edition by Fernando Pessoa (#165873554872), Kos 1 : 60 000 by Road Ekdoseis AE (#165794082746), - The Great Elector: Frederick William of Brandenburg-Pr. Although he rejoined the anti-French alliance in 1674, this left him diplomatically isolated; despite conquering much of Swedish Pomerania during the Scanian War, he was obliged to return most of it to Sweden in the 1679 Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye. He created a strong army and the best standing army in Europe. Although he was well aware of Leopolds stance, Frederick William was confident that he could convince Montecuccoli to take action. Thus, while Treaty of urawno ended the Polish-Ottoman war in 1676, Sobieski sided with the emperor instead, and the plan for a Prussian campaign was dropped. ", Upton, George P. Youth of the Great Elector (1909), This page was last edited on 8 December 2022, at 06:17. In pursuing his military goals and strengthening the government, the elector worsened the plight of the middle classes and urban inhabitants. This made it much easier for Brandenburg, and later Prussia, to mobilize its military upon the outbreak of hostilities, giving it the ability to immediately compete with its neighbors. Frederick William, Derfflinger, and the rest of the Brandenburger cavalry arrived at noon, raising the electors total strength to roughly 7,000 horsemen against the equally numerous Swedes. The march was a stunning success. What was Frederick William the Great Elector known for? was a battle in the Northern War. Famous quotes containing the words dutch and/or wars: Paradise endangered: garden snakes and mice are appearing in the shadowy corners of Dutch Old Master paintings. In the seventeenth century, there was little German nationalism, and localism reigned supreme. Louis, by contrast, was overjoyed to see one of his enemies accepting French supremacy, and he quickly agreed to the electors offer of peace. The peasants, both free and enserfed, suffered the most, and many fled the electorate to escape their plight. In fact, opposing the mighty armies of France courted disaster. He began as a successful leader, adding lands to Russia. France promised assistance and subsidies, while Sobieski in turn allowed French recruitment in Poland-Lithuania and promised to aid Hungarian rebel forces who were to distract the Habsburgs from their war against France. In the First Northern War (165560) he gained sovereignty over the duchy of Prussia. WebFrederick is the home of Riverside Research Park, a large biomedical research park located on Frederick's east side. In the second half of the 17th century, Frederick William, the Great Elector, developed Brandenburg-Prussia into a major power. Initially, Friedrichs cavalry was successful in pushing the defenders back, but the Swedes fought back tenaciously and quickly brought the offensive to a halt. Meanwhile, the electors bravery had inspired his men, and the Brandenburgers began to drive back the Swedes. Victory promised unprecedented growth, while defeat nearly ensured that Brandenburg would remain a minor entity no greater than many others spread out across Germany. For nearly two and a half centuries, Prussia celebrated June 28 as a birthday of sorts. This ended with the treaties of Labiau, Wehlau, Bromberg and Oliva; they removed Swedish control of the Duchy of Prussia, which meant he held it direct from the Holy Roman Emperor. his forces were defeated, but the Hapsburgs had to compromise with Hungary and give them more power over themselves. Swedish casualties were much higher, and they would lose still more as a result of incessant peasant raids. The elector also encouraged immigration from Piedmont, and especially France, where Louis XIVs pro-Catholic religious policies led twenty thousand Protestant Huguenots, many of them professionals and skilled artisans, to settle in Brandenburg, along with fifty Jewish families who were given special trading privileges. They were loosely confederate, but conquered the Kievan stat in 13th century. Furthermore, Sobieski was opposed by the Papacy, by Polish gentry who saw the Ottomans as the greater threat, and by Polish magnates bribed by Berlin and Vienna. When he became elector (ruler) of Brandenburg in 1640, the country was in ruins from the Thirty Years' War; it had lost half its population from war, disease and emigration. Frederick William the Great Elector. Protestantism;Brandenburg. With the help of French subsidies, he built up an army to defend the country. 500 matching entries found. WebThe name Frederick is boy's name of German origin meaning "peaceful ruler". Frederick William was a staunch pillar of the Calvinist faith, associated with the rising commercial class. Although Emperor Leopold continued to deny him any assistance, Denmark joined the elector in an alliance that would soon take the war into Sweden itself. In contrast to the religious disputes that distrupted the internal affairs of other European states, Brandenburg-Prussia benefited from the policy of religious tolerance adopted by Frederick William. WebExplore. David Parker, "Absolutism" in Peter Stearns, ed., Princess Dorothea Sophie of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glcksburg, Philip William, Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt, Marie Amelie, Hereditary Princess of Mecklenburg-Gstrow, Elisabeth Sophie, Duchess of Saxe-Meiningen, Philip, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glcksburg, Joachim Frederick, Elector of Brandenburg, German colonial projects before 1871#Brandenburg-Prussian colonies, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederick_William,_Elector_of_Brandenburg&oldid=1126229370, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopdia Britannica, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, William Henry, Electoral Prince of Brandenburg (16481649), Carsten, Francis L. "The Great Elector and the foundation of the Hohenzollern despotism. Rather than exploit his victory with an immediate counterattack, he ordered his troops to stay put. Frederick William was overwhelmed with dismay. The remainder of the army would follow and catch up when it could. 3. The wealthy Dutch, needing allies badly, were only too willing to accommodate him, agreeing to pay for half the 20,000-man Brandenburger army. The reign of Frederick William, the Great Elector, led to the rise of Brandenburg-Prussia as a major state in northern Germany, paving the way for the emergence of Prussia as a leading European power in the eighteenth century. The Great Elector: Frederick William of Brandenburg-Prussia' Summer Reading: the Kaiserreich, 18711914; German Unification German-Speaking States Were Being Left Behind During the Industrial Revolution; East Prussia 2.0: Persistent Regions, Rising Nations; The Kingdom of Wurttenmerg and the Making of Germany, 1815-1871 On Blumenthal's advice he agreed to exempt the nobility from taxes and in return they agreed to dissolve the Estates-General. The local peasants along the road, however, were well aware of their rulers return, and they celebrated proudly with banners that read: We are only peasants, and little land we have; but we give our blood for our lord cheerfully.. Frederick William is notable for raising an army of 40,000 soldiers by 1678, through the General War Commissariat presided over by Joachim Friedrich von Blumenthal. This was followed by another success against Sweden, when Frederick William cleared Prussia of Swedish forces in what became known as the Great Sleigh Drive. After a reign of forty-eight years, Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg, left behind him in 1688 a military and bureaucratic system that endured until 1945. The humblest occupation has in it materials of discipline for the highest heaven. No one in Sweden wished to take any unnecessary risks. was also known as Ivan the Great. We win by tenderness. **d**. A renowned hero of the Thirty Years War, Karl Gustav Wrangel led the 20,000 men of the Swedish army from Pomerania into Brandenburg. [4], Statue of Frederick William at Charlottenburg Palace, Berlin, Frederick William was a military commander of wide renown, and his standing army would later become the model for the Prussian Army. Unfortunately for Brandenburg, its gains would not reflect its military success. Frederick William I fight for power brought him into considerable conflict with them In his early years, he even threatened to destroy them, but the Prussian nobility was not destroyed. Though the Scanian War resulted only in minor territorial gains, attaching a small strip of the Swedish Pomeranian right bank of the lower Oder to Brandenburg-Prussian Pomerania, the war resulted in a huge gain of prestige for the elector. Frederick William's successful occupation in the 1670s (pp. (571) became Hapsburg emperor in 1711. Following the close of the Thirty Years War in 1648, France had emerged as the strongest kingdom on the Continent, making it inevitable that the ambitious Louis would dictate the ebb and flow of European politics for years to come.

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