A Bankruptcy or Magistrate Judge? On January 11, 2023, Harvard Law School's Center on the Legal Profession (CLP) hosted a conversation with Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud upon his appointment as the 50th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of India (effective November 2022). The nomination of a sitting associate justice to be chief justice is subject to a separate confirmation process. The draft that leaked to Politico was substantially the same as the majority opinion that upheld the Mississippi law. To enforce it in the face of an angry mob, President Dwight D. Eisenhower called in the 101st Airborne to protect the Black students right to attend school. Posted: Wednesday, January 18, 2023. Chief Justice John G. Roberts Jr. defended the integrity of the Supreme Court on Friday in his first public remarks following a tumultuous term, saying that disagreement with its decisions should not lead to questions about its legitimacy. Justice Vijith Kumara Malalgoda, PC Hon. Usually, the senior-most judge of the Supreme Court occupies the position. While the court has repeatedly upheldaffirmative-action programs, a six-justice conservative supermajority may put more than 40 years of precedents at risk. Chief Justice's Year-End Reports on the Federal Judiciary ABOUT THE COURT Justices Supreme Court at Work History and Traditions The Supreme Court Building Visiting the Court Activities for Students & Families Building Regulations Frequently Asked Questions Home> About the Court> Justices> Justices 1789 to Present Justices Current Members Sometimes it may not be popular and you're never going to please everyone but there is a time to step up.". The Chief Justice, as presiding officer of the Court, is responsible by statute for its administration, in addition to hearing cases and writing opinions. The courts aggressive approach has led its approval ratings to plummet. At the SJC, we have asked our advisory committees to consider whether various court and procedural rules should be amended to adopt these changes permanently. However, his subsequent nomination to the office was not confirmed by the Senate, and he left office and the court. Then, who is the chief justice of the California Supreme Court? Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. In doing so, Marshall would often write the opinions himself and actively discouraged dissenting opinions. I'm a heck of a lot smarter," Kennedy said. , Brunner said "There is a time to be restrained and there is a time to fully occupy your lane and sometimes it takes a lot of courage to do that. Chief Justice John G. Roberts Jr. defended the integrity of the Supreme Court on Friday in his first public remarks following a tumultuous term, saying that disagreement with its . LANSING, MI, September 12, 2022 - Today, Michigan Supreme Court Chief Justice Bridget Mary McCormack notified Gov. Chief Justice John G. Roberts, Jr., has issued his2022Year-End Report on the Federal Judiciary(pdf). Such findings seem to have prompted several justices to discuss whether the courts legitimacy was in perilin recent public appearances. Opinion authors can have a large influence on the content of an opinion; two justices in the same majority, given the opportunity, might write very different majority opinions. Bail is set to guarantee the accused will show up for future court dates. For example, several SJC-appointed committees have been working on major revisions to court rules, ranging from pretrial discovery obligations in criminal cases to amendments to the Rules of Professional Conduct. Chief Justice Guerrero has contributed many hours of pro bono work, including as a member of the Advisory Board of the Immigration Justice Project, to promote due process and access to justice at all levels of the immigration and appellate court system. A nomination by the Governor is effective when confirmed by the Commission on Judicial Appointments. Roberts also commended the U.S. Chief Justice Alexander G. Gesmundo was appointed to the Supreme Court as Associate Justice on August 14, 2017, and later as the 27 th Chief Justice of the Philippines on April 5, 2021. Wed 4 May 2022 09.50 EDT Last modified on Wed 4 May 2022 18.29 EDT. The leak of the draft opinion by Justice Samuel A. Alito Jr. shocked the court, which prides itself on keeping internal deliberations secret. Chief Justice Stuart Rabner temporarily assigned Justice Fasciale to the Supreme Court effective September 2022. The exhibit will introduce visitors to how the system of federal courts works, to the history of racial segregation and desegregation in our country, and to Thurgood Marshalls towering contributions as an advocate before he became a Justice., A California man with a gun was detained by police near Supreme Court Justice Brett Kavanaugh's house in Maryland on June 8, according to federal officials. Official photos. Dont miss reporting and analysis from the Hill and the White House. While associate justices may append items to the weekly agenda, in practice this initial agenda-setting power of the chief justice has significant influence over the direction of the court. The Supreme Court as composed June 30, 2022 to present. Use this button to show and access all levels. ", "U.S. Senate: Supreme Court Nominations: 1789Present", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States&oldid=1130597847. Justice O'Brien was elected to the Supreme Court on November 8, 2022. Chief Justice of India SA Bobde stated that the Supreme Court could handle its own social media account on the platform of Twitter. When we take the bench the first Monday in October at 10 a.m., the public will be there to watch us, Roberts said. Justice E.A.G.R. Subscribe to be notified when the news section is updated. The leak also made those of us who were thought to be in the majority in support of overruling Roe and Casey targets for assassination because it gave people a rational reason to think they could prevent that from happening by killing one of us, Justice Alito said. Similarly, when Associate Justice William Cushing was nominated and confirmed as Chief Justice in January 1796 but declined the office, he too remained on the court. University of Pittsburgh ( JD) University of Virginia ( LLM) Debra Todd (born October 15, 1957) [1] is the chief justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania. What she's boxing up with the trash is any desire for partisanship or politics. As chief, Brunner said her agenda would include: As chief, Kennedy said her agenda would include: The two women diverge on rulings as well: Training for K-12 staffers who are armed: In June 2021, Kennedy arguedin her dissent ina casethatteachers and school staff did not need extensive police training. The salary of the chief justice is set by Congress; as of 2022, the annual salary is $286,700, which is slightly higher than that of associate justices, which is $274,300. The feedback will only be used for improving the website. At the same time that we have been dealing with the emergency-related needs of the pandemic, we have also continued the work of reviewing, updating and improving many other aspects of our court practices and procedures. This is a list of current Chief Justices of the Supreme Court and High Courts of India, . Nathan L. Hecht is the 27th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Texas. It has an exception for media reporting, but some transparency groups have worried that broad interpretation of the law could inhibit watchdog efforts. Rob Schenck to the New York Times that the justice or his wife disclosed to conservative donors the outcome of a pending 2014 case regarding contraceptives and religious rights. When Chief Justice Thomas R. Fitzgerald retired in 2010, the Supreme Court appointed Justice Theis to fill his vacancy on the Court. (Video: Reuters). . As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. Read full bio Associate Justices Carol A. Corrigan Carol A. Corrigan Goodwin H. Liu Goodwin H. Liu Leondra R. Kruger Leondra R. Kruger Joshua P. Groban Article I, Section 3 of the U.S. Constitution stipulates that the chief justice shall preside over the Senate trial of an impeached president of the United States. Dec. 31, 2022. Judge Davies had no idea what cases he would draw upon his arrival, Chief Justice Roberts wrote. While nowhere mandated, the presidential oath of office is by tradition typically administered by the chief justice. Sep 02 2018 Justice Ranjan Gogoi will be the next Chief Justice of India. In July 2022, Chief Justice Guerrero was elected to the American Law Institute, an independent national organization that produces scholarly work to clarify, modernize and otherwise improve the law. Beyond redistricting, though,Supreme Court decisions impact how much Ohioans pay in taxes, whether utility companies can add fees to ratepayers' bills, how insurance and business laws are interpreted, what government records will be available to the public and more. Some of their recommendations have already been published for comment, such as proposals to amend the Rules of Civil Procedure to expand the use of email service and electronic signatures. Instead, he focused on a high mark of the judiciarys past a federal district judges efforts to implement school desegregation at Little Rocks Central High School after the Supreme Courts landmark 1954 decision in Brown v. Board of Education. Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution specifies that they "shall hold their Offices during good Behavior." Prior to being elevated to the California Supreme Court, Chief Justice Guerrero served as an associate justice at the Fourth District Court of Appeal, Division One since December 2017, and in San Diego Superior Court from 2013 to 2017, where she served as Supervising Judge of the Family Law Division in 2017. As Chief Justice she also chairs the Judicial Council of California, the administrative policymaking body of the state courts, and the Commission on Judicial Appointments. Three chief justices have presided over presidential impeachment trials: Salmon P. Chase (1868 trial of Andrew Johnson), William Rehnquist (1999 trial of Bill Clinton), and John Roberts (2020 trial of Donald Trump; Roberts declined to preside over Trump's second trial in 2021, which took place after the end of Trump's presidency. Thanks again for the opportunity to address you this afternoon. But when one of them wins, her replacement will be appointed by Gov. The Supreme Court will hear arguments on the constitutionality of a 1986 lawthat makes it a crime to urge unauthorized immigrants to stay in the United States. Of those, 64 were held by nonpartisan justices, 13 were held by Republican justices, and eight were held by Democratic justices. [9] A chief justice who knows the associate justices well can therefore do muchby the simple act of selecting the justice who writes the opinion of the courtto affect the general character or tone of an opinion, which in turn can affect the interpretation of that opinion in cases before lower courts in the years to come. Many of the court's procedures and inner workings are governed by the rules of protocol based on the seniority of the justices. Thank you for your website feedback! This site is maintained by the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts on behalf of the Federal Judiciary. Others had wished that he would announce revisions to judicial ethics rules in the wake of revelations about the efforts of Virginia Thomas, the wife of Justice Clarence Thomas, to overturn the results of the 2020 election. Chief justice ignores controversial Supreme Court term in annual report, Analysis: Revenge is driving some key committee decisions, On our radar: Taylor Swift ticket debacle spurs Senate hearing, Analysis: McCarthys specious attacks on Adam Schiff and Eric Swalwell, On our radar: Wes Moore to be sworn in, making history as Marylands first Black governor, The impressively weak effort to whatabout Bidens classified documents, The Republican whitewash of the Jan. 6 attack on democracy. Rutledge remains the only "recess appointed" justice not to be subsequently confirmed by the Senate. The chief justice presides over the Judicial Conference and, in that capacity, appoints the director and deputy director of the Administrative Office. The Honorable Cleo E. Powell Expiration of term: July 31, 2023; The Honorable D. Arthur Kelsey Expiration of term: January 31, 2027; The Honorable Stephen R. McCullough Expiration of term: March 2, 2028 Laura Bischoff is a reporter for the USA TODAY Network Ohio Bureau, which serves the Columbus Dispatch, Cincinnati Enquirer, Akron Beacon Journal and 18 other affiliated news organizations across Ohio. A California man armed with a pistol, a knife and other weapons was arrested in June near Justice Kavanaughs Maryland home and charged with attempted murder. It was a grave betrayal of trust by somebody, he said. Justice Carlos G. Muiz was appointed to the Florida Supreme Court by Governor Ron DeSantis on January 22, 2019, becoming the 89th Justice since statehood was granted in 1845. [5] All three presidents were acquitted in the Senate. Justices The Supreme Court as composed October 27, 2020 to June 30, 2022. [6][7] This rule was established to preclude the possibility of a vice president presiding over their own trial. Attorney since 1983. I would like to thank you, and everyone at the Massachusetts Bar Association, for supporting and sponsoring our program today. . (WKBN) - Two current justices, Democrat Jennifer Brunner and Republican Sharon Kennedy, are vying for the position as Ohio Supreme Court justice this election. Justice Murdu Fernando, PC Hon. She was elected to her first full term in November . You play a critical role in the continuous improvement of our court system, and we could not do this work without you. Although the Constitution is silent on the matter, the chief justice would, under Senate rules adopted in 1999 prior to the Clinton trial, preside over the trial of an impeached vice president. Welcome to the 2022 Voter Guide produced by the League of Women Voters and Akron Beacon Journal with funding . The Honorable John G. Roberts, Jr., is the 17th Chief Justice of the United States, and there have been 104 Associate Justices in the Courts history. [2] The associate justice title was not altered in 1866 and remains as originally created. But when it came time to rule in the school desegregation litigation, Davies did not flinch., The chief justice quoted from Judge Daviess decision in favor of the students: I have a constitutional duty and obligation from which I shall not shrink. Please limit your input to 500 characters. John Rutledge was the first. As a result, the SJC and the Trial Court have implemented several initiatives aimed at reviewing and improving the court system both as a workplace and as a public institution. Front row, left to right Associate Justices Sonia Sotomayor, Clarence Thomas, Chief Justice John G. Roberts, Jr., Associate Justices Samuel A. Alito, Jr. and Elena Kagan. Ohio Supreme Court Chief Justice candidates have very different backgrounds, ideologies, priorities OCJ/WEWS is doing a series on Ohio Supreme Court races By: Morgan Trau - October 10, 2022 5:00 am Justice Jennifer Brunner (L) and Justice Sharon Kennedy (R) are both running for Chief Justice of the Ohio Supreme Court. SACRAMENTO - Governor Gavin Newsom today announced his nomination of Supreme Court Associate Justice Patricia Guerrero to serve as California's next Chief Justice after Chief Justice Tani Cantil-Sakauye concludes her current term of office on January 2, 2023. The work of the Court will not be affected in any way. Please limit your input to 500 characters. The chief justice of the United States is the chief judge of the Supreme Court of the United States and the highest-ranking officer of the U.S. federal judiciary. But Judge Davies was physically threatened for following the law.. 9:31 am CST. The Judiciary Act of 1789 created the distinctive titles of Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. She continued working to help pay for her education while attending the University of California, Berkeley, where she was honored with an award given to the top two students in the Legal Studies major upon graduation in 1994. The terms of two Michigan Supreme Court justices expired on January 1, 2023. We have also been continuing our efforts to "look afresh at what we are doing . Thats about as close as Roberts came in his 18th report to commenting on the present day. Like the law itself, courts must evolve and adapt to changing social conditions and the needs of court users. Employee privacy: In August 2020, Kennedy authored a majorityopinionthat said workers can't sue their private sector employers that use the "direct observation method" for drug tests that's when someone watches the employee urinate in a cup. SCAM ALERT: Calls from the Supreme Court of North Carolina. Anyone can read what you share. The chief justice's formal prerogativewhen in the majorityto assign which justice will write the court's opinion is perhaps their most influential power,[9] as this enables them to influence the historical record. But he said that disagreement with the courts role of deciding what the law is has transformed into criticism of its legitimacy. The chief justice ordinarily administers the oath of office to newly appointed and confirmed associate justices, whereas the seniormost associate justice will normally swear in a new chief justice. We are receiving reports of a phone scam spoofing the Supreme Court of North Carolina's main phone number 919-831-5700. A first-generation Californian, Justice Guerrero was the first Latina to serve on . 2022 State of the Judiciary Address by Supreme Judicial Court Chief Justice Kimberly S. Budd 11/15/2022 Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court Thank you, President Garcia, for that kind introduction. Some observers had hoped that the chief justice would use his year-end report for an update on the investigation announced in May into the leak of a draft opinion eliminating the constitutional right to abortion. The events of Little Rock teach about the importance of rule by law instead of by mob, he wrote. Kennedy fulfilled her childhood dream of becoming a cop in the early 80s when she joined the Hamilton police force a job that regularly took her inside courtrooms. Kennedy argued that the use of present tense in state law opened the door for releasing the records after death. And when Paul Dawley retired this past June as Chief Justice of the District Court, he was succeeded by Stacey Fortes, a District Court judge since 2006 who previously served for 12 years in the Suffolk County District Attorney's Office. Roberts thanked Congress for recently passing the Daniel Anderl Judicial Security and Privacy Act, named for the son of New Jersey District Judge Esther Salas. CNN Chief Justice John Roberts agreed to temporarily put on hold a lower court order requiring the release of former President Donald Trump's tax returns by the Internal Revenue Service to. This work is not new, but it gained renewed urgency from the events of 2020, and from the report on meetings with affinity bar associations that was issued by the Lawyer Well-Being Committee in 2021. Prior to joining the Court, he served on the staff of Secretary Betsy DeVos as the presidentially-appointed, Senate-confirmed general . Anderl was murdered in 2020 when he answered the door to their home in what was meant to be an attack on the judge. But Roberts said it is the Supreme Courts job to decide what the law is. [8] The task of assigning who shall write the opinion for the majority falls to the most senior justice in the majority. Both women describe themselves as supporters of the rule of law and an independent judiciary. Elevated from associate justice to chief justice while serving on the Supreme Court. And it has been unnatural to hold oral arguments by teleconference or before a small number of court personnel and reporters. Thisis the 18th report Chief Justice Roberts has issued since he was appointed chief justice in 2005. Chief Justice John Roberts sidesteps Supreme Court leak, controversies - The Washington Post Courts & Law Chief justice ignores controversial Supreme Court term in annual report By. The chief justice, like all federal judges, is nominated by the president and confirmed to office by the U.S. Senate. If you would like to continue helping us improve Mass.gov, join our user panel to test new features for the site. Those legislators have demanded the court create a more formal code of conduct to deal with such questions. In an organized society, there can be nothing but ultimate confusion and chaos if court decrees are flaunted.. Credit: Fred Schilling, Collection of the Supreme Court of the United States, Chief Justice's Year-End Reports on the Federal Judiciary. WASHINGTON At the end of a wrenching year at the Supreme Court, Chief Justice John G. Roberts Jr. devoted his annual report on the state of the federal judiciary to threats to . In January of this year, Trial Court Chief Justice Paula Carey retired after two decades of distinguished public service as a judge in the Probate and Family Court, as chief of that department, and then as chief of the Trial Court. The justices heard an appeal from a web designer who objects to providing services for same-sex marriagesin a case that pits claims of religious freedom against laws banning discrimination based on sexual orientation. The chief justice sets the agenda for the weekly meetings where the justices review the petitions for certiorari, to decide whether to hear or deny each case. The court last considered the issue in 2018 in a similar dispute, but failed to yield a definitive ruling. The report, an annual tradition, shed no light on the investigation into the leak of a draft opinion in May or on calls for more rigorous ethics rules for the justices. If you need assistance, please contact the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court. Suppose that the Chief Justice makes a five-Justice panel consisting of himself, Justice Samuel Alito, Justice Clarence Thomas, Justice Sonia Sotomayor, and Justice Elena Kagan to hear abortion cases. Helping expand and strengthen drug treatment in lieu of conviction programs. Over the last 32 months, of course, all of us who work in the legal system have had to deal with extraordinary challenges and changes due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The role race may play in government decision-making also figures in a case that is a challenge under the Voting Rights Act to an Alabama electoral mapthat a lower court had said diluted the power of Black voters. "Wow. But on. Eight times, someone other than the chief justice of the United States administered the oath of office to the president.[13]. Now we are facing another transition, as Court Administrator John Bello has announced his intention to step down at the end of this year, after nine years of service in various roles in the Trial Court. Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789, 17 people have served as Chief Justice, beginning with John Jay (17891795). We owe him a huge debt of gratitude, and he will be deeply missed. Justices of the Supreme Court serve 12-year terms and receive a salary which is currently set at $250,075 per year for the Chief Justice and between $228,703 and $236,260 per year for each Associate . Back row Associate Justices Amy Coney Barrett, Neil M. Gorsuch, Brett M. Kavanaugh and Ketanji Brown Jackson. Chief Justice Guerrero was nominated to office by Governor Gavin Newsom in August 2022, unanimously confirmed by the Commission on Judicial Appointments the same month, and overwhelmingly approved by voters in the November 2022 general election. But I am confident that we will again be able to find a worthy candidate to succeed him, as we have for our retiring Chief Justices. Serves as the head of the federal judiciary. She married Jesse M. Barrett in 1999, and they have seven children - Emma, Vivian, Tess, John Peter, Liam, Juliet, and Benjamin. He was appointed in 2019 and faces a merit retention vote in 2026. She is a member of the Democratic Party. More proposals will be coming. Brunner: Ohio Supreme Court, January 2021-current; 10th District Court of Appeals judge, 2015-2020; 2010 candidate for U.S. Senate; Ohio Secretary of State, 2007-2010; Franklin County Common Pleas . Without speaking directly about the courts decision to overturn nearly 50 years of precedent in striking down Roe, Roberts acknowledged the difficulty of the past year. An official website of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, This page, 2022 State of the Judiciary Address by Supreme Judicial Court Chief Justice Kimberly S. Budd, is. They may stand for retention to regular terms of six years. The chief justice is an ex officio member of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution and, by custom, is elected chancellor of the board. The decision has led to protests outside the homes of the justices, most notably Roberts and Justice Brett M. Kavanaugh, who live near each other in suburban Maryland. Among other things, the man said he was upset with the leaked draft suggesting the Supreme Court would overturn Roe, the police have said. Back row, left to right: Associate Justice Amy Coney Barrett, Associate Justice Neil M. Gorsuch, Associate Justice Brett M. Kavanaugh, and Associate Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson. Before elevation to the appellate court, Chief Justice Rabner designated him presiding judge of the civil and criminal parts. San FranciscoChief Justice Tani G. Cantil-Sakauye today announced that she will not seek re-election as Chief Justice of California in the November 2022 general election. The law requires every judge to swear an oath to perform his or her work without fear or favor, but we must support judges by ensuring their safety, he wrote. In July 2022, Chief Justice Guerrero was elected to the American Law Institute, an independent national organization that produces scholarly work to clarify, modernize and otherwise improve the law. [4] The practice of appointing an individual to serve as Chief Justice is grounded in tradition; while the Constitution mandates that there be a chief justice, it is silent on the subject of how one is chosen and by whom. Three years ago, Justice Elena Kagan told a congressional committee that the justices were very seriously looking at the question of whether to have a Code of Judicial Conduct thats applicable only to the U.S. Supreme Court. Maureen O'Connor was the most powerful woman in Ohio politics for the better part of 24 years, first as lieutenant governor and later as the chief justice of the Ohio Supreme Court. Source. The law was clear, and there was nothing to decide.. Two former associate justices subsequently returned to service on the court as Chief Justice. She was sworn into office on January 2, 2023, making history as the first Latina to serve as California's Chief Justice. I want to thank the members of Congress who are attending to judicial security needs these programs and the funding of them are essential to run a system of courts, he wrote. Immigration. In 1866, Salmon P. Chase assumed the title of Chief Justice of the United States, and Congress began using the new title in subsequent legislation. Amarasekara Top-requested sites to log in to services provided by the state. This is the 18th report Chief Justice Roberts has issued since he was appointed chief justice in 2005. She served as an assistant U.S. attorney at the U.S. Attorneys Office, Southern District of California from 2002 to 2003. The President of India makes the final appointment. CJI Bobde is the 47th Chief Justice of India. The court has been closed to the public since March 2020 because of worries about the pandemic. Front row, left to right: Associate Justice Sonia Sotomayor, Associate Justice Clarence Thomas, Chief Justice John G. Roberts, Jr., Associate Justice Samuel A. Alito, Jr., and Associate Justice Some page levels are currently hidden. In the midst of the challenges we have experienced over the last several years during the pandemic, our courts have helped to preserve social stability through the reasoned and impartial application of the rule of law. Indeed, Burger is said to have often changed votes to join the majority coalition, cast "phony votes" by voting against his preferred position, and declined to express a position at conference.[12]. Roberts said he would have upheld the Mississippi law but not overturn Roe, and the courts three liberals dissented. Redistricting maps: This year,Brunner sided with the majority that found the Republican-drawn legislative and congressional maps were unconstitutional. So we know that the commitment to furthering the courts' anti-racism efforts must continue to be a priority, and I look forward to sharing more details on some of those initiatives during our discussion in a few minutes. The justices had already heard arguments on that question three years ago; several of them suggested then that the law violated the First Amendment. Court Jurisdiction Chief Justice Date of Appointment as CJ/ACJ Date of Retirement Appointed By Ref. The law requires every judge to swear an oath to perform his or her work without fear or favor, but we must support judges by ensuring their safety, Roberts wrote in his nine-page report. The bench from which Davies presided will be brought to the Supreme Court in 2023 as part of an exhibit about the courts role in school desegregation and specifically the efforts of Thurgood Marshall, who argued Brown and later became the first Black Supreme Court justice. Please remove any contact information or personal data from your feedback. TALLAHASSEE - The Florida Supreme Court today unanimously elected Carlos G. Muiz as Florida's next Chief Justice, to begin his two-year term July 1. As of January 2023 President $400,000 Vice President $235,100 Speaker of the House $235,100 House and Senate Majority & Minority Leaders/Senate President Pro Tempore $193,400 House/Senate Members & Delegates $174,000 Chief Justice, Supreme Court $298,500 Associate Justices, Supreme Court $285,400 As of January 2022 President $400,000 Vice .
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